Creating Dynamic Entrepreneurial Capabilities MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Creating Dynamic Entrepreneurial Capabilities. Answer: Presentation By and large, the fundamental point of this examination paper is to make and build up a conventional field-tested strategy to fire up another business. Additionally, it is likewise imperative to realize that, a field-tested strategy is an elegantly composed portrayal of the business' future that clarifies business techniques. Furthermore, with regards to this exploration paper, Funky Caf is chosen as a specialty unit that would give various items and administrations to their clients. The primary items and administrations of the organization would incorporate Take away espresso, Sandwich; Take away espresso bean and Cheeseburgers. Alongside this, the business structure of the new business would be sole ownership promoting firm. Moreover, the new business would be treated as retail firm. Additionally, the size of the retail business would be 12.5 to 17 meters with the goal that beyond what 50 clients can remain in Caf on the double. Simultaneously, the new business firm would be an ass ociation of eatery industry. With regards to chosen business, the authoritative document of the business would be sole ownership. This authoritative document is picked in light of the fact that it is one of the least complex, normal, and adaptable as contrast with other type of business. In addition, the authoritative document would give a total administrative control to the proprietor of the firm. Moreover, the proprietor could take all the particular choices with respect to the business activities and capacities (Crawford, 2014). Simultaneously, all the sorts of budgetary commitments identified with the business would be finished by the proprietor of the organization. Aside from this, this authoritative document of business would likewise give responsibility and adaptability to the proprietor of business since he/she needs to settle less expenses. This structure is likewise portrayed with the less legitimate controls so this authoritative document of business chose for the Funky Caf business (Fontana, 2010). Diverse Financing Options to Set Up business In the current time, there are a few sorts of financing alternatives are accessible that can be utilized by an individual or gathering to fire up another organization. For instance, private company advances from the Online loaning organizations, advance from Angel speculators, investors, swarm subsidizing, own capital/assets, and credits from business banks/budgetary foundations and so forth are the significant financing alternatives that could be utilized by a person to set up another business. In any case, so as to set up Funky Caf business, own capital of $50,000 would be utilized. Then again, rough, $100,000 would be obtained by the bank as private company advance for the five years so as to satisfy the current money related necessities. Money from the bank would be more financially savvy than others. For case, today, there are a few financial associations that give short and long haul business advances at the less loan fee, so the bank business credit financing alternative would be a most suitable choice. Additionally, the other financing choices are all the more exorbitant and entangle that requires more administrative work (Jones, Macpherson, and Jayawarna, 2013). Bookkeeping would bring development, adaptability, responsibility, respectability inside the whole business procedure and frameworks. For instance, the budgetary bookkeeping would help Funky Caf in summing up all the money related exercises and undertakings in the business in the diverse fiscal reports. Besides, the administration bookkeeping would assume a key job in executing the business capacities (Planning, Organizing, Coordinating, Motivating, and Controlling) appropriately. Simultaneously, bookkeeping would help the business in improving the current procedure by bringing advancement and improvement. Bookkeeping would likewise give explicit data to the client of organization, for example, partner. Similarly, bookkeeping would offer a wide scope of unmistakable and immaterial advantages to the organization (Rogerson, 2011). Value of Financial Statement Analysis for the Management of the Business The new startup firm would utilize various kinds of fiscal report investigation including asset report, salary explanation, income articulation, benefit misfortune proclamation, and explanation of changes in value so as to break down the monetary situation of the organization. What's more, the budget report examination would be progressively significant for the administration of recently Startup Company to take explicit money related choices. For case, with the assistance of Financial Statement Analysis, the administration of the new business would have the option to settle on speculation choices, grow long haul plans and systems for the all out achievement of the firm (O'Regan, 2015). The accompanying table recommends the property plant and Equipment Assets for the new company, for example, Gear Stock thing Others Assets Espresso processor Espresso Bags Cooler Espresso creator Sugar Food case Expresso Machine New Bread Racks Microwave Cups Phone Instruments Toasters Removal Utensil rack Dishwasher Water glass Workstations/Computers Blender Water cooler Office furniture (Source: Ryan, 2004). Appropriate Depreciation Method As per the idea of business, Funky Caf would embrace Straight-Line Depreciation strategy. What's more, it ought to likewise be noted down that, it is one of the most widely recognized, straightforward, and adaptable strategy for deterioration. With the assistance of this technique, devaluation of benefits can be effectively and adequately determined and this strategy offer greater adaptability to the business firms. According to this technique for devaluation, the new business would have the option to charge an equivalent measure of deterioration cost each bookkeeping period all through an advantage's valuable life. Besides, with the assistance of this technique, the new association would have the option to deteriorate net piece worth or zero worth. Additionally, the organization would likewise not require to enlists any extraordinary bookkeeping staff or expert to compute the expostulation. It would spare expenses and time of the organization and improve the benefit. In this way, it is most financially savvy as contrast with other strategy for Depreciation (Stickney, Weil, Schipper, and Francis, 2009). Unmerited income is characterized as conceded salary or conceded income that shows incomes are as of now gathered however not yet earned. There are a few instances of unmerited income. For case, if Funky Caf presents participation programs for their client for the whole of $600 for one year, the organization would get this cash in twelfth months yet it would be unmerited income for the organization (Warren, and Reeve, 2006). For the most part, prepaid costs are the cost that are paid by an organization ahead of time to an outsider however which has not yet been brought about. What's more, a few kinds of prepaid costs may happen for the Funky Caf, for example, Prepaid Insurance, Prepaid Tax, Prepaid Rent and Prepaid Legal Fees. Furthermore, if the new business paid their protection premium ahead of time for different future periods, it would be prepaid cost for the Funky Caf (Warren, Reeve, and Duchac, 2016). For case, if the Funky Caf would pay lease ahead of time to the rent land ow ner, it would be unmerited income. For instance, if Funky Caf would take magazine membership and the organization need to pay for the two years in the development. Be that as it may, the Caf would not really get all the magazines one after another. It shows that, the organization would get one magazine in a month until the year's end. This would be treated as Prepaid Expense for the new business (Warren, and Reeve, 2006). Coming up next is the rundown of the things that a bank would be keen on creation of choice to allow business advance, for example, Nature of Business Character of the Borrower Advance Documentation Security (Wewege, 2017). Record of loan repayment Income History and Projections for the Business Existing Relationships with the Bank Individual monetary quality Qualities of Business plan (Abrams, 2003). Ability to reimburse the advance sum Information on current business Future business openings As it Funky Caf would be an autonomous and sole ownership association so all the choices would be taken by the entrepreneurs. What's more, it is expect that, the entrepreneur of the Funky Caf would hold the benefit into the business so as to extend the business. Also, all the benefits earned during the years would be put resources into the utilization of new instruments, advances, resources, and apparatuses to develop and extend the business later on. It is on the grounds that it is another new company firm so the proprietor ought to grow the business activities and capacities to acquire more benefit (McKeever, 2016). End Based on above conversation, it tends to be reasoned that, it is fundamental and noteworthy to create and make a conventional strategy to fire up another business since it gives rules to the entrepreneur what ought to be done and in what capacity ought to be finished. Then again, a field-tested strategy ought to likewise give a reasonable picture about the general business systems, strategies and methods that would be utilized in the business later on. At last, it very well may be reasoned that, a marketable strategy ought to give exact, proper and significant data. References Abrams, R.M. (2003). The Successful Business Plan: Secrets Strategies. USA: The Planning Shop. Crawford, T. (2014). Business and Legal Forms for Fine Artists. USA: Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated. Fontana, P.K. (2010). Or then again Corporation. USA: Atlantic Publishing Company. Jones, O., Macpherson, An., and Jayawarna, D. (2013). Resourcing the Start-Up Business: Creating Dynamic Entrepreneurial Learning Capabilities. UK: Routledge. McKeever, M. (2016). Step by step instructions to Write a Business Plan. USA: Nolo. O'Regan, P. (2015). Money related Information Analysis: The job of bookkeeping data in present day society. UK: Routledge. Rogerson, A.

What is it to be Homeless?

Vagrancy, it conveys solid undertones of neediness, surrender, and sadness, yet it is as yet a significant issue in American culture forever for the individuals who wind up in its middle. In 2004, over 7% of Americans discovered were characterized as destitute, a number which keeps on developing regarding work misfortunes and lodging inaccessibility (Donohoe, 2004). Experiencing childhood in an upper white collar class family, vagrancy is something I’ve never needed to encounter firsthand yet have seen over and over in individuals pandering for cash in parking garages and on traffic intersections. I have seen men, ladies, and youngsters crouched together as they support themselves for a night in the city however until this point had to a great extent kept myself isolated. Through my field work and research for this undertaking, I have gone to a superior comprehension of the circumstances and end results of vagrancy on the person as well as on the family and society all in all. Characterized as staying in bed covers, in the city, in vehicles, relinquished structures, train or transport stations, vagrancy is a steady token of the disparities of society (Donohoe, 2004). In Kentucky, where the destitute rate has climbed consistently, it is a developing issue. In 2005, the quantity of destitute people looking for help with Kentucky was 19,908 †a recognizable bounce from the earlier year when the number was 15,226 (Kentucky Statistics). The inquiry is presented in survey these insights, concerning what happened to cause such a high increment in people and families winding up without a home during when the economy was in an upswing. Presently, in ongoing light of the downturn and generally speaking jobless issue in the United States, the standpoint doesn't appear to be encouraging. The essential drivers of vagrancy go from household misuse, absence of lodging, neediness, low wages, post-horrible pressure issue, and so on (â€Å"Factors Contributing to Homelessness†). The causes are as changed as the individuals who end up in this circumstance. Every year there are somewhere in the range of 2. 3 million to 3. 5 million individuals across the country who are destitute, 39% of which are youngsters (â€Å"How Many are Homeless,† 2006). Their everyday lives base on discovering food and asylum for themselves, of which are getting scarcer as open help keeps on diminishing. As a major aspect of my exploration I directed a few interrelated field contemplates, each intended to give me a superior comprehension of the destitute in Kentucky and to all the more likely find out the explanations for their vagrancy. The most ideal approach to get this, I contemplated, was to put myself from their point of view. My examinations included survey the public’s reaction to vagrancy. Dressing down in pants, a shirt/sweatshirt blend, and a couple of old exercise center shoes with an old baseball top obtained from a companion, I set out to downtown Lexington to attempt to pander for spare change. As this had been my most regular involvement in the destitute, I tried to disperse my own generalizations just as experience through activity being diminished to these conditions. Remaining at the intersection of S. Broadway and Main boulevards, I examined the territory and saw a man more distant down the road wearing clothes and holding a cardboard sign. I quickly lamented my choice to forego the sign myself as it would be useful in attracting individuals to me. Notwithstanding, I contemplated that as this was implied as a methods for connecting with people in general as a vagrant I had a superior possibility at verbal correspondence without the sign. Having picked both a high traffic zone and a bustling evening, I was before long watching individuals pass me without even a regressive look. Uncertain of myself, I attempted to recollect my own encounters with being requested cash. It had appeared to be right around an easy undertaking, loaning to the generalization I have heard most usually tossed about that individuals asked no due to legitimate need yet sluggishness. I before long found that pandering was no simple errand. Seeing an old lady, who helped me to remember my grandma, I called to her, posing the standard inquiry, â€Å"can you save some change? Perhaps I called it excessively noisy in my anxiety or potentially the soil I had intentionally spread and worked into the texture of my garments and my outward presentation of disorder yet she moved away from me appearing to hold her breath. I grinned, attempting to scatter her anxiety however it was past the point of no return. Astonishing me with her speed and readiness, sh e immediately advanced past dashing between other continuous people on foot. Making an effort not to lose my nerve, I immediately directed my concentration toward the others crossing before me. A man in a tailored suit, strange himself on a Saturday evening, halted before me as I called to him attempting this opportunity to temper my voice and not show up over enthused or more regrettable pretentious. â€Å"Why don’t you find a new line of work? † he inquired. â€Å"I work 50 hours every week to help my family, and you can’t go to McDonald’s and flip burgers for some money? No! You expect me and these other persevering individuals to give you theirs! † and with that he delved in his pocket, hurling a bunch of pennies and pocket build up on the walkway before me. This was difficult. Pandering necessitated that you have an extreme skin as well as that you put aside your pride. I wound up battling with tears, needing to shout to the man as he furrowed his way down the road that I wasn’t extremely destitute. I needed to call, yet I’m an undergrad, I have an occupation, I have a home yet this would just trick any further work I wished to achieve around there. I expected to mix. A young lady, very little more seasoned than myself, halted before me as I battled with my own sense of self attempting to accommodate the mortification of the exploration with understanding I realized I would pick up. I turned upward and she showed up the exceptionally inverse of the man in the tailored suit. Dressed correspondingly to me, however clean with newly washed hair and stylishly troubled pants and a splendid green sweater, she held some espresso in one hand and a couple of dollar notes in the other and all over was a thoughtful grin. â€Å"Don’t let him trouble you,† she said giving me the espresso and constraining the bills into my hand. â€Å"I know where you are coming from. I lost my employment two years back and was in precisely the same spot as you. I was expelled from my loft and lived in my vehicle and the asylum for 2 months before I had the option to financially recover. Simply be glad you don’t have children, I despite everything feel remorseful that my girl needed to experience the entirety of that with me. † With this, she grinned and waved to me before intersection to the opposite side of the S. Broadway. Close to one another, I had encountered the two limits of the human collaboration side of pandering. Despite the fact that the man in the tailored suit had nearly disheartened me to the point of ruining my disguise, the benevolent youthful woman’s generosity caused me to feel another sort of blame. She didn't appear to be a monetarily wealthy lady however she had still attempted to help. Considerably more than the shame and loss of pride at the man in the tailored suit making a decision about me all from a straightforward solicitation, â€Å"can you save some change† I felt blame at having taken cash from this lady and her little girl. I gave careful consideration to attempt to ask the vagrants I experienced how they felt at requesting cash from outsiders. To start with, I had the day to stress over. I had intentionally set off on my examination without cash or different methods for securing food and drink. For the occasion, on the off chance that I needed to eat, I would need to keep on pandering for somewhat more money. As it went from morning to evening, I had no recurrent experiences with the indignation of the agent yet additionally didn't encounter anything else of the consideration of the young lady. Numerous individuals either disregarded my call for save change or venture into their pockets without glancing in my area. One man inquired as to why I required the cash. I attempted to answer that I simply required enough to get a dinner or two, at which he chuckled before hurling some spare change my direction, â€Å"Sure. If I'm not mistaken, break wasn’t a dinner. The boldness of the man totally amazed me. Did I seem as though a medication fanatic? Did he think individuals just became destitute due to individual mix-ups? I understood I was shocked in light of the fact that he had posed an inquiry resoundingly that I had just idea in my own head as I gave save change to in dividuals before. In spite of the fact that chronic drug use is a significant issue for the destitute network, it isn't the foundation of the issue. Given the errors in measurements however it is reasonable this would be related with and even accused for the ceaselessly developing pace of vagrancy. In data distributed by the National Coalition for the Homeless in 2005, it is noticed that early insights for substance misuse and enslavement among the destitute were inaccurately determined prompting a suspicion that over 60% of the destitute experience the ill effects of one type of substance fixation of another. Be that as it may, late measurements from US Conference of Mayors in 2005 puts the number as being nearer to 30% (â€Å"Who is Homeless† 2005). The inquiry is however, did their illicit drug use lead to their vagrancy or is it an outcome? In the wake of gathering nearly $15 dollars, I set off to locate a vagrant or individuals who might converse with me about the conditions that prompted their present state. Strolling toward the man with the cardboard sign, I thought from the start to talk with him as I had developed to feel a specific family relationship with the man having worked a similar road at the beginning of today. As I moved toward him, I saw a gathering of high school young men halted before him. They were snickering as one of them tore the man’s sign from his hands and continued to tear it down the middle. The man, clearly infuriated, held his head down to the boisterous attack that down-poured from the teenagers mouths. Nobody it appeared was at all worry. Walkers kept a wide broadness of the scene an

Blog Archive Four Reasons to Consider Wharton for a Consulting MBA

Blog Archive Four Reasons to Consider Wharton for a Consulting MBA Perennially ranked among the top business schools in the world, the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvaniaâ€"as its original name, the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, indicatesâ€"is best known for its reputation in finance, which is still the school’s largest department. However, if you are interested in a career in consulting but believe that Wharton is the program of choice for future investment bankers  only…  well,  think again! Check out these four facts about consulting at Wharton: Every year since 2005, more Wharton graduates have accepted positions in consulting than in investment banking. Wharton’s Consulting Club is one of its largest student organizations. One of Wharton’s most popular electives is “Strategy and Competitive Advantage.”  Professor Nicolaj Siggelkow, a protégé of strategy guru Michael Porter, is notorious for pushing his students to clarify their answers. But if they use trite buzzwords such as “adding value” and “frameworks,” they may find themselves in the hot seat for 30 minutes of additional questioning! The Wharton Global Consulting Practicum pairs student teams with participants from partner schools across the world to work with an international company or organization. Past projects include creating a marketing plan for a Colombian food provider, developing a business model for a private Kenyan foundation, and helping a Taiwanese company evaluate its options for expanding its market. For more information on Wharton or 15 other leading MBA programs, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet B-School Facts Business School University of Pennsylvania (Wharton)

Sustainable Community Sustainable Communities - 1420 Words

Sustainable communities imply to communities planned, built or reformed to endorse sustainable living. Sustainable communities incline to concentrate on environmental and economic sustainability, urban infrastructure, social equity, and civic government. Sustainable communities emerged as a response to catastrophes such as health, social, and others, and people’s response to the catastrophes. Much devastation was consequences from the industrial revolution such as sewer systems and the demand for public places like parks. The development of sustainable communities was to improve the disapproving causes of capitalism. At the same time, it also makes capitalism probable, which endures the economy. It meets provocations through combined solutions rather than through disjointed approaches that meet one of those goals at the premium of the others. Also, it takes a long-term outlook, one that is concentrated on both the present and future, well beyond the next financial plan or voti ng cycle. Sustainability community pertains to a group of people with shared concerns: walkability, biking, accessibility by reducing the distance traveled and easy, affordable access to public transportation. The design of streets and the entire right-of-way shall be directed at the positive shaping of the public realm in order to encourage shared pedestrian, bicycle and vehicular use (Moule, Dittmar, Polyzoides 2008:4). It is intended to endure the personal necessitates and necessities ofShow MoreRelatedSustainable Communities : A Sustainable Community Essay723 Words   |  3 Pages Sustainable Communities â€Å"A sustainable community is one that is economically, environmentally, and socially healthy and resilient. It meets challenges through integrated solutions rather than through fragmented approaches that meet one of those goals at the expense of the others.† Intro Paragraph: What constitutes a sustainable community? I. Living Choices a. Education, training and lifelong learning i. Sustainability is a way of life and a mindset. ii. Institutes concepts at an early age. iiiRead MoreSustainable Community1773 Words   |  8 PagesSustainable Community: Mission Statement: Our mission is to cultivate sustainable and environmentally friendly practices that mobilize members both across and within communities to transform their lifestyles by promoting a shared â€Å"green† consciousness. Our model serves to empower individuals and communities toward creating a sustainable equilibrium between lifestyle and environment. Through individual and community practices, our movement is a culture of environmental sustainability that seeks toRead MoreLife On The Farm : A Sustainable Community1358 Words   |  6 PagesOne key part of life on the Farm is the quest to be a sustainable community. Many of the Agreements touch on this commitment, including â€Å"We believe the Earth is Sacred.† The members of the Farm see themselves as â€Å"stewards† of the land they live on and the Earth as a whole. They have undertaken many projects to make the Farm have as little impact on the Earth as possible. Additionally, there is a commit ment to vegetarianism and sustainable food consumption habits. These programs allow them additionalRead MoreThe Importance Of A Community Sustainable Development1061 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Community sustainable development become more complex from day to day, multi-stakeholder and collaboration of flexible decision making are more important than before. 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This is a community in ArizonaRead MoreNursing Leadership For Sustainable Community Health And Development Essay1104 Words   |  5 PagesSTRENGHTENING NURSING LEADERSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN WEST NILE SUB REGION Building Essential Effective Nursing Leadership Beyond 2020 Aserua Rosemary November 2015 SEMESTER THREE CAPSTONE PROJECT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING Key words-Leadership, community health, sustainable development.

The 10 Best Literary Theory and Criticism Books of 2019

Crime And Punishment And The Punishment - 2363 Words

In every country, a crime committed has a punishment that goes hand in hand with it. The nature of the crime determines the punishment that follows it. The nature of the punishment also depends on the law that operates in the country in which the crime is committed. Different crimes attract different penalties. For instance, crimes involving murder may attract capital punishment on the criminal, or life jail sentence depending on the circumstances surrounding the murder. Capital offences do attract capital punishments as well, and again it depends on what the supreme law of the land stipulates. In light of this short analysis, this essay will analyse a case that involved a murderer, and the punishment that followed him upon confirmation of the crime he committed. It will also compare the punishment given to the murderer with the punishments available in other countries of the European continent. â€Å"Crime and Punishment† was written during the time when Marxism was beginning to flourish within Tsarist-ruled Russia. Dostoyevsky, when writing Crime and Punishment espoused a desire to counteract Russian Nihilism and in the novel pointed out the dangers of utilitarianism juxtaposing it as a reason, which in his view fueled radical sentiments upon the populace. In this light, it is important to take into consideration the reasoning behind the acts of murder committed by the main character Roskalnikov within the context of Dostoyevsky’s rejection of Marxist views. The reasoningShow MoreRelatedCrime and Punishment934 Words   |  4 PagesCrime and Punishment Criminology Rawphina Maynor Mr. Arata Saturday AM Crime and punishment through time has made some dramatic changes. The earliest form of written code is the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi, though most of western law comes from Ancient Rome. In 451 BC the Roman Republic issued the Law of the Twelve Tables that constituted the basis of Roman law. Theft and assault were crimes committed against individual and required the victim to prosecute the offender before the appropriateRead MoreIs It A Crime Or Punishment?1084 Words   |  5 PagesWhat constitutes whether something is a crime or punishment? This varies depending on where one lives, their culture and their personal beliefs. For instance if someone was on trial for claims of child abuse they might not see their actions toward the child as abusive. If the person is on trial it is likely that other people do not share the accused’s opinion. The difference in opinion can be a result of being raised with different beliefs. 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Due to the broad spectrum sur rounding crime, differing understandings about human subjects and premises lead to the development of several theories, assumptions and forms of criminal law. Michael and Adler (1933:2) are often citedRead MoreGuilt Crime and Punishment1556 Words   |  7 Pageswhen they are accused of a crime they have committed, substantial, and minimal. Though there are exceptions sometimes when guilt begins to form and we have no power over it. On the contrary Guilt can also be when somebody who is blameless are said to have committed the crime. Guilt can come in many forms but one most common is a emotion. Though majority of all people that have a conscience feel bad for the wrongdoing that they commit. In the novels Crime and Punishment by Dostoyevsky and Metamorphosis

Bio-Prospecting for Neimark and Vermeylen - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theBio-Prospecting for Neimark and Vermeylen. Answer: Likely Distribution Outcomes According to Neimark and Vermeylen (2017), in bio-prospecting exercises, there are various forms of uneven distribution of resources or unfair benefits enjoyed by those who are less entitled to the same. Apparently, the experts who have gained a lot of finances continue to dominate the field and charge huge amounts of money for their skills while the indigenous people are paid less since they have less professional experience despite hosting the plants their whole lives. In an example given by the Hawaiian reading, the local people were denied rights to know about licensing of some groups of people to have rights to use plants they had been custodians to (Gugganig, 2017). In addition, they were denied basic jobs in similar projects and the opportunities given to professionals from outside of the region (Gugganig 2017). Neimark and Vermeylen (2017), claimed that in some cases the local people lacked information on the same due to lack of knowledge of the benefits they are entitled to as a result of hosting the natural resources in their geographical areas. Apparently, the biggest beneficiaries of the projects are the rich people in the business while the societies who are more entitled to them get very little. Impacts on Cultural Values Gugganig (2017) indicates that for the Hawaiian people, taro plant was an essential symbol of their heritage from the time of origin of their society. As such, it was used by many farmers for diverse reasons most importantly honored for cultural reasons. However, a learning institution acquired rights of control of the people who were allowed to grow the same (Gugganig, 2017). The practice was seen as a major violation of their cultural rights considering their efforts over the years to preserve it. Apparently, many communities in ancient times acknowledged the work of creation of organisms to higher mysterious powers hence when two organisms are bred to result into a different new creature; they create the impression that scientists are playing god (Gugganig, 2017). Additionally, there have been cases where the discussion of introducing genetically engineered crops in different countries has either been postponed or rejected due to the local people failure to want to be a part of th ese practices in respect to their cultural beliefs (Gugganig 2017). As such, the cultural values impacts on the bio-technologies result from the crashes with the beliefs and the extent in which the changes are understood by the local people. Project Impacts on Existing Social Conflicts When scientists involve the local people on matters concerning the activities carried out in the localities they are traditionally mandated to protect, social cohesion is witnessed between the different groups. However, lack of involvement in similar activities leads to conflicts (Guggaging 2017). Robinson (2013) indicated that in instances of friction between different stakeholders, there are laws that can be used to solve these problems. Before undertaking practices involving collecting samples from the fields, the scientists ought to extensively research on the community in which the resources are located. There are specific laws followed by the communities in relation to the collection of medicinal plants in the fields in regard to specific individuals that are allowed to carry out the practice as well as other taboos surrounding the entire process (Robinson, 2013). Consequently, if the laid out procedure does not follow the cultural method, there is a possibility to intensify th e conflicts. Where the customary laws and the state laws are in harmony, a possibility of occurrence of conflicts is minimized since scientists are more likely to abide by them hence legislative bodies ought to consult with societies while drafting them. Consequently, determination of whether or not the project will solve or increase the social conflict will be determined by the manner in which the parties carry themselves. Potential to Fund and Support Long-term Conservation Isla (2005) describes the natural resources as self-generating such that without excessive use, they can be used over long period of time without depleting or compromising their potential to be as useful in future. Davidov (2013) gives an example of a pharmaceutical scenario in a movie showing a specific flower that was endemic to the Amazonian rainforest with a specific component for cancer treatment which was later discovered to be resulting from a certain insect that the flower interacted with. The discovery aided in the synthesis of the specific compound as well as empowered the push for the conservation of the habitat for long-term preservation of the same and for the entire industry (Davidov 2013). As such, preservation of an essential medicinal product is necessary for the monetary value derived from the drug as well as the attention accorded the same in the conservation industry since it attracts more stakeholders willing to invest in the same. Brad (2017) indicated that the values derived are not only limited to financial benefits, but rather all inclusive incentives for communities to preserve their resources. References Brad C. (2017) Lecture Notes Class 21. Davidov, V. (2013). Amazonia as pharmacopeia. Critique of Anthropology, 33(3) 243-262. Gugganig, M. (2017). The Ethics of Patenting and Genetically Engineering the Relative Haola. Ethnos, 82(1), 44-67. Isla, A. (2005). Conservation as enclosure: An ecofeminist perspective on sustainable development and biopiracy in Coasta Rica. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 16(3), 49-61. Neimark, B. D., Vermeylen, S. (2017). A human right to science?: Precarious labor and basic rights in science and bioprospecting. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 107(1), 167-182. Robinson, D. F. (2013). Legal geographies of intellectual property, traditional knowledge and biodiversity: experiencing conventions, laws, customary law, and karma in Thailand. Geographical Research, 51(4), 375-386.

Work-Life Issues Essay Example

Work-Life Issues Essay A growing number of employees are facing the challenge of balancing their employment and their family responsibilities.   This phenomenon has created a need for and growing interest in workplace policies and programs to enable workers to balance their work and family responsibilities. The appearance of family-friendly policies provides employees balance in their lives between work and their families. That can mean higher productivity, better morale, and fewer turnovers among staff. A variety of different family-friendly programs and its application will be discussed in this paper.   These family-friendly programs are designed to provide flexibility to enable employees to achieve a balance among their work, family and personal responsibilities.   Accordingly, some of the flexible work arrangements may enable employees to pursue educational or career development interest, or to devote time to other activities of their choosing. Importance of family-friendly workplace Family-friendly policies are the blending of family and work, which has increased significantly in the last 20 years. Corporations seeking to attract new employees and hold onto their existing work force are attempting to be creative with the promise of flexible schedules, job sharing, onsite day-care facilities, telecommuting, special deals on parental leave, generous family health care packages and numerous additional individualized incentives that respond to the work- and home-life balance. We will write a custom essay sample on Work-Life Issues specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Work-Life Issues specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Work-Life Issues specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Today, companies are competing for valuable employees. Offering family-friendly benefits, many companies say, helps them develop a loyal and motivated work force that results in low turnover a major plus in todays tight labor market. Its managements job to help employees be successful in their work life and in their personal life. Researcher says, People are more motivated given this kind of control over the scheduling, over their job. And it doesnt cost anything. It is based on the trust factor; it puts a lot of responsibility on the part of the employee. Analysis of family-friendly workplace In a company with 20 employees, work-family issues can arise about five times a week, says Thaxton. In a company without family friendly policies, these issues can result in absenteeism, and an employees inability to focus on his/her job. Office team, a staffing service specializing in skilled administrative professionals, developed a survey.   It was includes responses from 150 executives with the nations 1,000 largest companies.   Executives were asked With so much attention given to the need for work-family balance, how successful do you think todays companies are in creating and maintaining a family-friendly environment for employees? Very successful  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3% Somewhat successful  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   54% Somewhat unsuccessful  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   40% Very unsuccessful  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3% Thus, it is generally believed that companies, which offer family-friendly policies, are at a distinct advantage in todays competitive employment market. Types of family-friendly workplace initiatives Efforts to improve the balance between work and family life generally fall into two categories: work reorganization programs and employee benefit policies. Work reorganization initiatives include: * ·Flexible scheduling arrangements * ·Restructuring of jobs and job duties * ·Telework * ·Job sharing opportunities Work and life benefit polices include: * ·On-site childcare and/or eldercare * ·Information services and resources on childcare and/or eldercare * ·Paid family and medical leave * ·Release time from work to participate in school and community events3 * ·Benefits for part-time workers Work reorganization initiatives One of the easiest ways to commence your family-friendly effort is with work reorganization. There are many options, such as job restructuring, telework, job-sharing or flexible work arrangement. However, there are some guidelines and limits to be sure the office is properly staffed so that business continues to run smoothly. Many companies that have implemented such arrangements would notice that there is a change in the employees performance level. One positive outcome is that many employees express a greater level of commitment to the company in return for the companys flexibility. Flexible work time Flexible work time allows employees to adjust their start or finish times at work while maintaining a specific number of hours per week.   Inspired employers use a range of flexible work options to meet the demands of employees and gain a competitive edge in retaining and recruiting skilled employees. The West Group is an Eagan-based company that offers flexible work schedules, and more than 400 employees are on such schedules. When the business and legal publisher implemented its pilot program for flexible and alternate work schedules in 1997, it did so primarily because its business needs were changing, said Maggie Debner, the companys director of human resources. Some businesses were operating 8 to 5 and it didnt need to be done that way, she said. So we were looking at the different composition of our customers needs.   There is a great satisfaction among the employees and the employers. Restructuring of jobs Rationally, companies will have to redesign many jobs to take advantage of changes in technology, some of which will result from the skills shortage. But changing worker values and needs will also drive restructuring the jobs. One of the most widely publicized examples of job restructuring is G.E.s Work-Out Program. For a number of years the giant corporation has been pursuing a systematic attempt to eliminate, or at least reduce the labor and inefficiency of work by using employee involvement. In 1988, G.E.s chairman, Jack Welch, and its director of corporate management development, James Baughman, both came up with the concept. The idea was to trim G.E.s extensive bureaucracy by having employees basically question the way the company and they themselves go about their daily business. Through a series of town meetings held with departments throughout the company, G.E.s Workout sessions are used to inspect and confront all kinds of company practices. Those who take part in these sessions are pledged there will be no retribution. They are also guaranteed instant feedback and action by management. The sessions, which usually last three days, cover up everything from the number of management approvals needed to how budgets and resources are proposed. Telework Progression in computer and telecommunications equipment represent increasing numbers of jobs can be done off-site. Canada is the notion of flexiplace, which is the decentralization of work into locations remote from a head office and often closer to employees homes.   Work-at-home or at satellite offices is the version of flexiplace that has been tried on the largest scale.   A diversity of clerical, professional and industrial jobs have been transferred to home locations. Minnegasco customer information representative David Tousley had an office in downtown Minneapolis.   Minnegasco allows seven inbound phone representatives, four part-time billing representatives and one other employee to work out of their homes in a telework program that is highly successful, according to Lori Schletty, director of customer relations at the Minneapolis-based company. The telecommuters have exposed productivity improvement when compared to their office workload, and they reduced by half their number of sick days. Job sharing Job sharing is a voluntary work arrangement in which two people share responsibility for one full-time position. Job sharing may combine the advantages of full-time and part-time employment, in that the job is continuously staffed and the organization has access to the resources of two workers rather than one.   Job sharing also is a benefit for employers and managers. They will have happier, more productive employees who are likely to stay on the job for the long run probably going back to a full-rime position when their family responsibilities have relieved. Two people shared the VP/marketing position for about three years at Silicon Valley Credit Union in Palo Alto, Calif. They both communicated with each other very well and were able to play off each others strengths, says Steve Johnson, CEO of the $80 million credit union with 10,000 members and 31 employees. In a sense, it was like getting two for the price of one. One was a great writer, while the other was strong in graphics.   Both individuals wanted to spend more time with their families, they were trying to manage multiple roles, and job sharing allowed them to do that without being so stressed out. Work and life benefit polices Another area where companies can become more family-friendly is in their benefits packages. If it is cost-prohibitive to offer a comprehensive health-care package at the companys expenditure, look for a provider that will provide family-friendly programs that allows employees to choose the alternatives they need and pay for whatever they entail outside the companys standard offerings.   This flexibility will let employees to select the plan that best meets their needs, while still keeping expenses in line for the company. On-site childcare / eldercare Childcare recognizes the needs of working parents and encourages businesses to assist employees with those challenges. The most popular childcare arrangement among full- and part-time employees would be a center located at the workplace.   The centers on-site location means that parents and their children can spend time together during the day. (e.g. lunch break or coffee break) The idea for the eldercare function similarly. One example of the on-site childcare is Little Wings Daycare Society in Richmond, B.C., which is officially opened in November 1991.   The center provides cares for children of Canadian Airlines International Ltd.   (Canadian)   employees.   Canadian employees with infants and toddlers at Little Wings describe particular advantages of workplace day care for children of the different group.   Parents of infants feel secure in being close by in case their child happen to be sick, or in case any question should occur about the childs care.   Those with children in the toddler group value that the centers proximity to the parents workplace helps give the child a sense of where the parent works and what that work is regarding. Information services and resources The information and educational services provided by the organization take numerous forms, including the childcare and eldercare information services.   Any employee looking for information about child development, adoption, referrals to a caregiver, selecting and monitoring care, childcare options, parenting and education issues can access that information through telephone.   Moreover, personalized information correspondences are forwarded by mail to each caller.   Nevertheless, the type of services and resources may be varied in different type of organization. Information and education on work and family issues are key forms of support that can be delivered through the workplace.   Through Royal Bank of Canadas comprehensive Work Family program, employees are provided with assorted forms of information on dependant care and work and family issue. Royal Bank also makes available to employees the Work Family Resource Libraries introduced in 1992 as part of the Banks Information Resource Centers, placed in the Montreal and Toronto corporate offices.   These resource libraries give every bank employees in Canada free access to an widespread collection of books, magazines, reports, reprints of articles, videos and bibliographic materials on topics relating to parenting, child care, elder care, health and wellness issues, stress-management techniques, workplace supports for families and other work and family subject matters. Family-leave program Family-leave program is designed since a need arises for employees to be absent from work for a lengthened time occasionally.   Most organizations will grant them the benefit of a leave of absence, and such leave is generally considered to be a form of employee benefit to the person involved.   Various types of leave such as maternity, family, person, and military leave. One form of family-supportive benefit is to supplement or top up unemployment insurance benefits to a level closer to the employees ordinary base salary.   Such a program amounts to a mixture of public and private benefits in support of employees family responsibilities. The Laurentian Bank supplements unemployment maternity benefits up to the level of 95% of regular base salary.   This benefit covers up the two-week period prior to the commencement of UI benefits and the maternity leave period, to a maximum of 15 additional weeks.   Every woman who works for the Laurentian Bank is qualified for this benefit, from bank teller to vice-president. Release time from work to participate in school and community events Western New York companies, Fisher-Price, are zeroing in on making life better for the work force through family-friendly policies that help people balance work and home responsibilities.   In addition to the job sharing, a child-care center and wellness center, other benefits include school days, whereby workers with children are granted time off for such things as teacher meetings or school plays.   Sarah Craig, vice president of administration, said that the shortened work hours on Fridays enable people some extra time for medical appointments and errands that must be completed during regular business hours. Benefits for part-time workers Part-time work means employees work a specified number of hours below the standard workweek on a regular basis not temporary or student employees.   The current terms of employment for regular part-time work permit a full-time employee to switch to part-time status without loss of service or benefits. One of the organizations reveals this benefit is the telecommunications services company in Nova Scotia Maritime Telegraph and Telephone Company Limited (Maritime Tel TEL).   The first reference to part-time work appeared in January 1970 contract; current provisions regarding prorated seniority and benefits were first included in the March 1985 contract. The employee switching from full-time to part-time work continues to accrue service and to receive medical and dental benefits on the same basis as full-time employees.   Vacation entitlement stays the same, but vacation time is prorated according to ratio of time worked.   Union and management of Maritime Tel TEL both believe that this mechanism affords employees one way of balancing work and family responsibilities.   According to a union representative, the alternative of moving to a regular part-time position can serve the needs of an employee at a time when family responsibilities are particularly demanding. Impact of family-friendly workplace on women The impact of family-friendly policies indicates the outcome factors that are the necessary prerequisites for career development recruitment, productivity, and retention.   However, over the past few decades, an increasing percentage of women has remained in or re-entered the work force while raising young children.   The increased involvement of mothers in the workplace means that large numbers of women bear the double burden of employment and family responsibilities. Thus, family-friendly program is particularly significant for women. An immutable difference between women and men is that women experience pregnancy and childbirth. Also, women maintain primary responsibility for childcare and household duties, a difference between the sexes that, although not immutable, is persistent despite womens contribution in the paid labor force. Hence, employed women are more likely than employed men to have a spouse/partner who is employed. Texas Instruments Inc. is a company for working mother located in Dallas.   TI has set up a range of family-friendly programs since 1992.   Programs such as parents network, life works seminars and referral programs, emergency/back-up/mildly ill childcare, on-site childcare and flexible working arrangements.   Consequently, there has been a 40% improvement in the turnover rate among salaried women between 1992 and 1996. Conclusion In todays competitive employment marketplace, it is noticeable that organizations, which offer family-friendly programs, are at a diverse advantage.   Flexible hours, telework, job-sharing, family leave program, various family health care packages and child-care programs will continue to be valuable recruitment and retention tools.   There is evidence show that the family-friendly programs favor towards women than men.   However, organizations would offer these programs to their employees no matter what is the gender and status in order to maintain the equity. There is a trend with valuable employees looking for an organization with family-friendly benefits. I think its good business to be as family-friendly as the business allows ones to be.   Family-friendly programs, both employer and employee benefit. Gradually but certainly, more organizations become aware that by giving employees flexible work hours or job guarantees following childbirth leave, they are better able to retain workers. Such companies become recognized for these family-friendly benefits and attract skilled employees because of them. In conclusion, as the world of work changes, more and more parents remain in full-time employment. The existence of family-friendly programs avoids the decision making between being a good employee and being a good parent. Individuals can do extremely well in both aspects of their lives.   As a result, family-friendly programs allow the agreements between employers and employees that promote employees ability to balance the demands of work and family life.   In my opinion, a family-friendly workplace is strongly recommended for most organization.

There Will Come Soft Rains essays

There Will Come Soft Rains essays There Will Come Soft Rains is about a house. The house is fully automated. Everything from the garage door to cleaning mice is automated. As the day goes on, the house recognizes to time and starts tasks at certain times. The house can recognize the dog's bark and let it come inside. It also has a weather box, which determines the outside weather and plays a song or poem. The house may be automatic but there are no people around to live in it. The house asks for input but after a long period of silence the house picks out of a random list. Even though there is no one living in the house, the house still cooks all the meals, which are thrown away and the plates washed. The story takes place in Allendale, California in 2026. The house is the only one left. All of the others were destroyed in the nuclear explosion. This also killed all the people. Some people's shadows were burned into the side of the house. So even though the people are gone, the house still carries on. The setting is the most important aspect of the story. Since there are no people, the house is the main character. The theme of this story is that even thought nature is still there, and the technology is still there, there are no people. The technology survived even thought the people had all died off. Neither nature nor technology is affected by the lack of humans. The dog had remained living but finally died in the house, the mice cleaned up the body and moved on. Technology is developed by humans who posses emotions. These emotions are what separate humans from other animals. These emotions can't be removed from the technology that the humans build and develop. Ray Bradbury tries to convey the idea that technology is not the answer and that the emotions in them can't be destroyed. At the end of the story, where the house is destroyed by fire caused by a fallen tree, the house is demolished and there is total destruction of the technology. The only part o...

Material and labour costs are easy to trace to products. when looking Literature review

Material and labour costs are easy to trace to products. when looking at overhead cost it becomes more difficult. Undertake a l - Literature review Example Eksteen and Rosenberg (2002) have included other costs like communication, human resources, travelling, auditing, asset ownership etc. in the overhead costs. There is an important relationship existing between the direct and the indirect costs. Warsame (2006) stated that the direct and the indirect costs include the majority portion of the entire construction process. Some companies determine overhead costs as a percentage of the total direct costs. Carr (1988) stated that direct costs such as material, labour etc. are directly chargeable to the performed or implemented activity. Hegazi and Molsehi (1995) have estimated the overhead costs as a percentage of the total direct costs in 14 percent of their survey. Several researches have been made on the overhead costs and it has been divided into two parts. One is the work site overhead including the staff salary, the electricity charges, water supply charges, renting equipment and other is the administration cost (for example- office s taff costs, insurance taxes, other fees etc.) (Shelton and Brugh, 2002; Carr, 1989; Assaf et al., 1999, 2001). Both these groups of overhead costs are required to be recovered by a company. There are two types of costing systems for determining the cost of a product. One is the traditional costing system and the other is the activity based costing system. Traditional costing system uses financial accounting information and activity based costing system uses management accounting information. While calculating the overhead cost

Immunosurveillance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Immunosurveillance - Essay Example There is a third element in the research for investigating interactions between the immune system and neoplasia. This is that neoplasia deliberately develop certain defence mechanisms against the incumbent system in such a manner that they successfully evade punitive action (Chernock et al, Undated). This paper's purpose is to investigate what these evasive strategies may be and how they assist neoplasia to evade immune reaction. In the 1950s Lewis Thomas and Sir MacFarlane Burnet postulated the theory positing that effector cells of the immune system constantly patrol the body to actively identify and eradicate incipient tumour cells (Ichim, 2005). In the 1970, subsequent research found that T-cells may be implicated in this defensive mechanism (Ichim, 2005). This theory fell out of favour in the 1980s as research studies noted certain discrepancies in it but, in the 1990s, it was again revived because subsequent research studies noted that it was partially viable (Bhardwaj, 2007). It is observed that both the innate immune system - phagocytes, NK cells, NKT cells, cytokines, proteins, etc. - and the adaptive immune system - B- and T-cells, etc. - do fight neoplasia but, ultimately, it is observed for most spontaneous tumours that the overall immune system fails to entirely rid the organism of the cancerous cells. This is so as per three acknowledged phases to the immune response - 1) the elimination phase during which nascent tumourous cells are eliminated by the immune system; 2) the equilibrium phase when the tumour cells persist but are held in abeyance by the immune system; and 3) the escape phase when the tumour cells develop strategies to combat the immune system (Bhardwaj, 2007). This is the whole concept of 'immunoediting' and the last phase - the escape phase - is the one the paper is interested in because it is the one in which the neoplasia develop successful strategies in evading immune reaction. Evasive Strategies The evasive strategies adopted by neoplasia may be pre-existing or adaptive. Since such develop from healthy normal cells, some of the progenitor cells' evasive strategies pre-exist in them (Chernock et al, Undated). Pre-existing Strategies: Normal cells are incorporated by certain mechanisms that assist them in evading the body's own immune reactions. Such mechanisms may be self-tolerance, shielding from proper surveillance, antigen shedding, lymphocyte killing, secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines, lack of MHC2 expression, lack of co-stimulatory molecules and local secretion of prostaglandins and neuropeptides. These strategies are often sustained in neoplasm (Chernock et al, Undated). They ultimately, to a large extent, help the mutant cells maintain themselves with impunity in the organism's body. Adaptive Strategies: Nevertheless, such mutant cells are altered and have certain distinct proteins that differ from normal cells and these may be recognised by the immune system. To evade this eventuality such cells develop strategies that are not inherited from normal cells but are variants developed customarily by the mutant cells themselves as per requirements. Such adapted strategies may be up-regulation of the evasive tactics of healthy cells still existing in the mutants,

Dance Critique Essay Example for Free

Dance Critique Essay ?On October 20, 2013 a dance performance called â€Å"Crystal Jubilee† took place in the NMSU Center of arts. It was a combination of several types of dances in which we could see the participation of some dance companies, such as Contemporary Dance Theatre, Dancesport Company and Sol y Arena. As a famous Indian Proverb states, â€Å"To watch us dance is to hear our hearts speak†. At the beginning of the performance I was so excited as I usually do not attend this kind of events. One of the first dances was â€Å"Blind Trust†, it was a Latin Dance Style most probably to be rumba, two couples performed in this dance, and they were dressed in a combination of blue. The music was â€Å"Track 8† by Police performed by Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. The lights were in a soft mood perfect for the type of dance they performed. The message behind this dance was trust as the title states, before they started dancing they covered their eyes showing the public the trust they had between each other to follow their steps. The quality of their performance was very good; you could easily tell that they were advanced dancers. The atmosphere of the dance was romantic; it made me feel like they knew each other for a long time I could feel their connection as they were performing. Later two flamenco dances that were performed astonished me. The first one was â€Å"Farruca†. The music was â€Å"Farruca Solo Compas†. Their costume was the typical large flamenco dress, with their appropriate makeup and hairstyle. The lights were perfect, as they started you could see their silhouettes performing and later they appeared. The quality of their performance was very good, sometimes they were not coordinated, but they did it with a lot of confidence and security. The atmosphere of the dance was so intense and the sound as they tapped their shoes against the floor you could feel the energy they were transmitting. In addition there was also the dance called â€Å"La primera vez† and it was also flamenco. The music was â€Å"Fue en Sevilla† by Salamarina. This dance was as good as the previous flamenco one; you could also feel the intensity of the dance, it was like you just wanted to stand up and start dancing like them. Afterwards I think my favorite dance of the performance took place, it was called â€Å"Ode to the Borderlands†. The dance was a combination of several Latin dance styles. The music was â€Å"Arrecotin Arrecotan† by Celia Cruz, â€Å"Cuando Piendo en Ti† by Jose Feliciano, â€Å"Celia y Tito† by Celia Cruz and Tito Puente. The music was full of happiness and joy you could just smile by hearing to the songs. Their costumes were not so formal but enough to look elegant. I think that the message was just to transmit us energy, happiness, enjoy the dance. The performance quality of the dancers was very good; you could easily tell that they were advanced dancers. The atmosphere of the dance was of cheerfulness, joy, contentment, it made me feel so good, I just wanted to learn more and dance like them. One of the last dances was â€Å"Looking Back, Love Song For Mom†. It was a contemporary dance. The music was â€Å"I Know You By Heart† by Diane Scanlon and Eve Nelson, sung by Eva Cassidy. In this dance there was only one performer, the costume was perfect for the message that she wanted to transmit, and the light was good as we just wanted to focus on the dancer. The message was totally clear for the public and it was beautiful, it was a quick view on a mother’s life. The performance quality of the dancer was excellent. The atmosphere of the dance was of tenderness, it made me feel happy and kind of sad at the same time, because it remind me my mother and how she has fought for us all these years .

The Medical and Ethical Perspectives of Human Cloning Essay -- Argumen

The Medical and Ethical Perspectives of Human Cloning      Ã‚  Ã‚   In our modern day world, the technology of genetic engineering and human cloning for the use of asexual reproduction has reached a point to where we must ask ourselves if it is a good practice for medical purposes, or if it presents issues of ethical and moral concern.   Human cloning is a very cmplex process; it is very multilayered in the promises and threats that are suggested by scientists (Kolata 8).   In the basic definition, cloning is accomplished by removing the nucleus of a mature, unfertilized egg and replacing it with a specialized cell from an adult organism.   The nucleus taken contains most of the hereditary material from the original human source, and it develops from the human source it was taken from.   This process makes it possible for scientists, or geneticists, to reproduce unlimited amounts of duplicates, which are known as clones (Pence:   Flesh 18).   Human cloning has reached a point wher the ethical and moral values have not been co nsidered, and we have not fully learned and understood the negative consequences of such a new and overwhelming technology.   There are, however, individual benefits of using genetic engineering for medical purposes.   Such purposes include gene therapy and asexual reproduction.   The use of genetic engineering in our society is viewed differently in two very arguable ways.   Scientists, bioethicists, doctors, lawyers, professors, and authors join in the debate over human cloning and its medical benefits versus moral and ethnical concern.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Cloning and genetic engineering ahve been ideas that scientists have explored for a long time.   "Cloning first came to public attention roughly thirty years ago, following the s... ...raise tough questions. http://www.msnbc.com/news/229707.asp Mohler, Albert R. "The Brave New World of Cloning: A Christian Worldview Perspective."   Human Cloning: Religious Responses.   Ed. Ronald Cole-Turner. Louiseville, Ky.: Westminster John Know Press, c 1997. MSNBC Staff and Wire Reports.   Korea says human clone test succeeds: Scientists claim to cultivate human embryo in experiment.   http://www.msnbc.com/news/224234.asp Pence, Gregory E. Flesh of my Flesh: The Ethics of Cloning Humans.   Lanham, Md. Rowman and Littlefield, c 1998. Pence, Gregory E. Who's Afraid of Human Cloning? Lanham, Md. Rowman and Littlefield, c 1998. Roleff, Tamara L. ed. Biomedical Ethics: Opposing Viewpoints.   San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, Inc. c 1998. Wekesser, Carol. ed. Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, Inc. c 1996. The Medical and Ethical Perspectives of Human Cloning Essay -- Argumen The Medical and Ethical Perspectives of Human Cloning      Ã‚  Ã‚   In our modern day world, the technology of genetic engineering and human cloning for the use of asexual reproduction has reached a point to where we must ask ourselves if it is a good practice for medical purposes, or if it presents issues of ethical and moral concern.   Human cloning is a very cmplex process; it is very multilayered in the promises and threats that are suggested by scientists (Kolata 8).   In the basic definition, cloning is accomplished by removing the nucleus of a mature, unfertilized egg and replacing it with a specialized cell from an adult organism.   The nucleus taken contains most of the hereditary material from the original human source, and it develops from the human source it was taken from.   This process makes it possible for scientists, or geneticists, to reproduce unlimited amounts of duplicates, which are known as clones (Pence:   Flesh 18).   Human cloning has reached a point wher the ethical and moral values have not been co nsidered, and we have not fully learned and understood the negative consequences of such a new and overwhelming technology.   There are, however, individual benefits of using genetic engineering for medical purposes.   Such purposes include gene therapy and asexual reproduction.   The use of genetic engineering in our society is viewed differently in two very arguable ways.   Scientists, bioethicists, doctors, lawyers, professors, and authors join in the debate over human cloning and its medical benefits versus moral and ethnical concern.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Cloning and genetic engineering ahve been ideas that scientists have explored for a long time.   "Cloning first came to public attention roughly thirty years ago, following the s... ...raise tough questions. http://www.msnbc.com/news/229707.asp Mohler, Albert R. "The Brave New World of Cloning: A Christian Worldview Perspective."   Human Cloning: Religious Responses.   Ed. Ronald Cole-Turner. Louiseville, Ky.: Westminster John Know Press, c 1997. MSNBC Staff and Wire Reports.   Korea says human clone test succeeds: Scientists claim to cultivate human embryo in experiment.   http://www.msnbc.com/news/224234.asp Pence, Gregory E. Flesh of my Flesh: The Ethics of Cloning Humans.   Lanham, Md. Rowman and Littlefield, c 1998. Pence, Gregory E. Who's Afraid of Human Cloning? Lanham, Md. Rowman and Littlefield, c 1998. Roleff, Tamara L. ed. Biomedical Ethics: Opposing Viewpoints.   San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, Inc. c 1998. Wekesser, Carol. ed. Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, Inc. c 1996.

Quality Nursing Care

NURSING EXAMPLE A Summary of Proposed Research Program for Master of Philosophy Title: The Delivery of Quality Nursing Care: A Grounded Theory Study of the Nurses' Perspective Abstract The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the delivery of quality nursing care from the perspective of practising nurses working in the acute public hospital setting of Western Australia (WA). The study will examine the actions and interactions attributed to quality, and factors identified as enhancing or inhibiting the delivery of quality nursing care. A grounded theory approach is proposed. The sample for the study will be drawn from nurses working in an acute public hospital located in Perth, WA. Data will be collected using semi-structured interviews and some observation. It is estimated that approximately 10-15 interviews will be performed. Theoretical sampling will guide the selection of participants. The significance of this research will be to increase understanding of this complex phenomenon and contribute to efforts aimed at improving and maintaining quality nursing care within the current context of the WA health care system. A substantive theory explaining the process of quality care, focussing on the nurses' perspective, in an acute public hospital setting, will be developed. Implications for practice will be discussed and directions for further research in this area will be provided. Objectives The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the delivery of quality nursing care from the perspective of practising nurses, working in the acute public hospital setting of WA. The study will examine the actions and interactions attributed to quality, and factors identified as enhancing or inhibiting the delivery of quality nursing care. The objectives guiding this proposed study are: 1. To explore and describe nurses' perceptions of the meaning of quality nursing care. 2. To describe nurses' experiences in the delivery of nursing care given to patients in hospital and to compare these with their expectations of quality nursing care. 3. To explore factors identified by nurses as enhancing and as inhibiting quality nursing care. 4. To develop a substantive theory which explains the process used to deliver quality nursing care in an acute public hospital setting, as perceived by nurses. Background The provision of quality patient care is a priority in all health care institutions (Erith-Toth & Spencer, 1991). Formal definitions of what constitutes quality are numerous (Ambler Peters, 1991), as are the approaches used to assess the quality of patient care (Harvey, 1991; MacGuire, 1991). Although much has been written about the phenomenon of quality care, significant variations exist in its interpretation and use, â€Å"unaware or undeterred by the conceptual confusion, quality care continues to be assured, controlled, evaluated and managed in the Health Service today† (Attree, 1993, p. 55). Furthermore, definitions and assessment of quality have rarely considered the reality faced by nurses on a daily basis, in the practice and delivery of quality care. Quality nursing care has been studied from various perspectives using different methods. Much of the research reported in the literature has been quantitative in nature and undertaken in countries other than Australia, pa rticularly North America. Some studies have focussed on the measurement of quality nursing care (Gilloran, McGlew, McKee, Robertson & Wight, 1993; MacGuire, 1991; Pearson, Durant & Punton, 1989; Kitson, 1985), or the meaning of quality nursing care from either the nurses' perspective (Janhonen, 1993; Forchuk ; Kirkpatrick, 1991; Whelan, 1988; Jenkins, 1988) or the patients' perspective (Irurita, 1993; Erith-Toth & Spencer, 1991; Deeny & McCrea, 1991; Rempusheski, Chamberlain, Picard, Ruzanski & Collier, 1988). Other studies have compared the perceptions of quality nursing care from the perspective of nurses and patients (Norman, Redfern, Tomalin & Oliver, 1992; Yonge, 1989; Varholak, 1989; Board, 1988). Of the studies that have explored nurses' perceptions of quality care, two included some elements of the delivery of nursing care (Forchuk ; Kirkpatrick, 1991; Jenkins, 1988). Those studies differ from this proposed study in context, as both were carried out in North America and used health settings other than acute public hospitals. Forchuk ; Kirkpatrick (1991) used survey methods in their study of quality care in a psychiatric facility where nurses indicated that the nursing care they 2 delivered was â€Å"†¦ the best possible under unfavourable conditions† (p8). Barriers to quality nursing care were identified as â€Å"heavy workload and staffing issues† (p8). However, the results of this study are limited by use of a convenience sample and administration of a questionnaire for which reliability and validity were not demonstrated. Jenkins studied quality nursing care in a small hospital in the United States and used a similar design to that proposed for this study. Using the grounded theory method, the characteristics of quality nursing care from the nurses' perspective were found to be â€Å"technical care, adequate time, assessment, observation, teaching, communication, and individualised care†. Some enhancing and inhibiting factors were identified, as well as positive and negative outcomes in the status of the patients. This proposed study is justified in that although the methodology is similar, the study by Jenkins was undertaken in a small hospital, whilst this study will be undertaken in a large acute public hospital. Furthermore, the cultural aspects of this proposed study are different. Another study of quality nursing care was carried out within the context of an acute public hospital setting in WA (Irurita, 1993). This study used grounded theory to explore quality nursing care from the patients' perspective. Patients described different levels of care and suggested that high quality nursing care could not be expected due to intervening conditions such as lack of time, high patient turnover, competing demands on the nurse, lack of consistency and continuity in nurses assigned to their care, ageism, shortage of staff, lack of co-ordination on ward, and communication problems between doctornurse- patients. These findings raise questions requiring further exploration, including the nurses' perspective. A number of factors may determine the quality of care delivered by nurses to patients. A review of the literature by Fitzpatrick, While, and Roberts (1992) identified nursing competence, use of research, communication skills, care management and organisation of workload, provision of health education and health promotion, creative thinking and reflection as elements of high quality patient care. A number of research studies have equated the quality of nursing with the ability of the nurse to exhibit caring behaviours towards their patients. Some of these studies have explored the behaviours identified by nurses (From, 1992; Clarke & Wheeler, 1992; Mangold, 1991; Chipman, 1991; Schaefer & Lucke, 1990; Morrison, 1990; Forrest, 1989; Larson, 1986), while others the behaviours identified by patients (Fosbinder, 1991; Cronin & Harrison, 1988; Brown, 1986; Rieman, 1986; Larson, 1984). Some of the research has compared the views of nurses and patients (Appleton, 1993; Smit & Spoelstra, 1991; Lapsley, 1989; Larson, 1987; Mayer, 1986). Whereas caring has been described as an important component of quality nursing care, exploratory research is lacking in the study of factors which may influence the nurses' ability to exhibit caring behaviours under varying conditions, and what additional factors may be involved in the delivery of quality nursing care. There is evidence in the literature to suggest that although nurses may be capable of providing quality care and know what constitutes quality care, their performance in practice may be affected by factors such as decreased numbers and the resulting reduction in available time, which can prevent the delivery of quality nursing care (Forchuk ; Kirkpatrick, 1991; Hendrickson, Doddato ; Kovner, 1990). A recent survey of 2,488 Australian nurses (Millis ; Tattam, 1994) found that budgetary cuts and management restructuring were having a negative impact on nurses' work environment. Increased workload, reduced standards of care (particularly in the public sector), and a lack of improvement in patient care were also said to be apparent. In WA, hundreds of nurses protested at a rally organised by the Australian Nursing Federation to express concerns about the effects of economic cutbacks in the WA health environment. Specifically, the dismantling of the WA Nurses' Career Structure and the reduction of nursing positions were said to be having a negative effect on the delivery of quality nursing care (Bartley, 1994). Nursing staff in the hospital environment of WA are currently challenged to maintain and improve the quality of care in the face of changing work patterns and moves to promote earlier discharge of hospitalised patients resulting from increasing economic restrictions (Health Observer, 1994). The indication that problems exist in the delivery of quality nursing care in WA warrants closer examination, to discover how nurses deliver quality care and factors which nurses perceive to affect the delivery of quality nursing care in the resent context of acute public hospitals in WA. Increasingly it is recognised that gaps exist between theory and practice (Chine ; Jacobs, 1987; Riley ; Oermann, 1992), an understanding may exist among nurses as to what constitutes quality nursing care, but what actually occurs in practice, under varying conditions, may differ from the recognised standard. Documentation of strategies used by nurses to maintain quality when conditions are adverse are 3 bsent in the literature, as is information indicating what circumstances are favourable to quality care provision and what constitutes the highest quality of nursing care. The suggestion that the delivery of quality nursing care within the public hospital context of WA may be subject to variation and be influenced by different conditions requires further investigation. As stated earlier in this proposal, some research has been performed in other countries on this phenomenon, but few studies have explored quality nursing care from the perspective of practising nurses. The use of the grounded theory method to research the phenomenon of quality nursing care allows exploration in terms of the current time, place and culture and can give new insights into a topic central to the practice of nursing (Chenitz ; Swanson, 1986). Furthermore, the gap between theory and practice may be reduced by a substantive theory developed in this way. Significance The significance of this research will be to increase our understanding of this complex phenomenon and contribute to efforts aimed at improving and maintaining quality nursing care, within the context of the WA health care system. A substantive theory explaining the process of quality nursing care, focussing on the nurses' perspective, in an acute public hospital setting will be developed. Implications for practice will be discussed and directions for further research in this area will be provided. Research Method A qualitative research method is proposed for this study, using the grounded theory approach (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). This method, which has its roots in Symbolic Interactionism, will reveal the reality of the quality ursing for nurses by interpreting data using a systematic set of procedures to develop a theory of the phenomenon, grounded in the findings (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). Sample Selection The sample for the study will be drawn from nurses working in one area of an acute public hospital located in Perth, WA. Initially, a purposive sampling technique will be used to select nurses for interview. Only Registered Nurses with a minimum of six months post registration nursing experience (of which at least three must have been worked in the study area) will be approached. Participants will need to be able to reflect on and be willing to share detailed experiential information about the phenomenon. Volunteers will be sought initially at staff meetings and a contact number will be left on the notice board in each of the ward areas. Further participants will be approached using a theoretical sampling technique where initial analysis of data guides the researcher to subsequent specific data sources (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). When this technique is used, sampling continues until ‘theoretical saturation' occurs. This is recognised by the establishment and denseness of identified categories as well as an absence of new concepts in the data (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). It is estimated that approximately 10-15 participants will be selected for interview, the final number being determined by theoretical saturation. Procedure Data will be collected from nurses through tape-recorded interviews guided by questions reflecting the objectives of the study (Appendix A). A semi-structured interviews technique will be used where, â€Å"use of the interview guide is not rigidly adhered to by the interviewer† (Chenitz & Swanson, 1986, p. 67). In this technique the researcher explores different aspects of the topic in detail using probes such as how, what, where and when. Interviews will take place in mutually agreeable private venues where the risk of interruptions is perceived to be minimal. Basic demographic information will be gathered from participants before the interview commences (Appendix B). The primary source of data will be the transcribed interviews, however, published literature and some observation will be used as additional data sources. The observations will be performed by the researcher (who is regularly assigned to clinical areas) and recorded by field notes. The main objective of these observations will be to verify data obtained by interview. Furthermore, additional aspects may be noted to be included in subsequent interviews. Data Analysis The constant comparative method of data analysis will be used, whereby data are simultaneously collected, coded and analysed, in a way that allows the creativity necessary for the generation of a theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). Interviews will be transcribed verbatim on a word processor and organised for 4 analysis using the Ethnograph computer software (Seidel, 1988). This package numbers each line of the interview transcript and allows for segments of the interview to be coded and selected as required. Firstly, interview transcripts will be coded line by line, sentence by sentence, by a process of ‘open coding', to identify and label common themes and categories by asking questions about the content (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). This will be done by extensively reading the data and listening to the tapes. Categories and subcategories will be developed from this, abbreviated and ‘mapped' onto the numbered interview transcript through the Ethnograph. Coded segments from the interviews will be accessed from the computer for ‘Axial Coding'. This involves putting the data back together again in new ways by making connections between the coded categories and subcategories. ‘Memos' and ‘diagrams' will be used throughout the process of analysis. ‘Selective coding' in which the core category is identified, relationships validated and sub-categories expanded, will take place before a ‘conditional matrix' is constructed and a substantive theory developed (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). Reliability and Validity A number of strategies will be employed throughout this study to ensure that he data collection and interpretation accurately reflects the phenomenon. Guba (1981) and LeCompte and Goetz (1982) discuss a number of ways in which reliability and validity issues of qualitative research can be addressed. This study has been designed to incorporate measures to address these issues as follows: †¢ To avoid bias in the data collection and analysis, the researcher (who possesses current personal experience of nursing in a hospital setting) will raise awareness of own preconceptions and bias to the topic by being interviewed by another researcher, using the proposed interview guide. The researcher will avoid imposing these preconceptions on the data collection and analysis. Furthermore, interview transcripts will be reviewed by an independent person to detect the presence of any such bias. A personal diary will also be kept. †¢ Interviews will be transcribed verbatim and transcripts will be checked for accuracy by listening to the tape recording. †¢ The process of data collection and analysis will be clearly described. †¢ During the coding of the data, other researchers will be asked to separately code segments of the transcripts to confirm the categories identified by the researcher. Once the description of the phenomenon is complete, a sample of participants will be approached and asked to validate the description by reading it and seeing if it makes sense in terms of their own experience. Ethical Issues The proposed research will be submitted through the Human Research Ethical Committee at Curtin University of Technology. The study has already been approved for implementation by the Nursing Research and Ethical Review Committee at Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital. Each participant will be informed of the purpose of the study. Participants' personal contribution together with their human rights will be explained and the opportunity to ask questions about the study will be provided. Once the participant is satisfied with the requirements of the study, a consent form will be signed. The consent outlines the purpose of the study, its voluntary nature, the right to withdraw at any time without penalty, as well as providing an assurance that all information provided will be treated in a non-identifiable, confidential manner (Appendix C). The consent form will be signed by the participant and the researcher, and a copy will be kept by each. Participants will be identified on the interview transcript by a numerical number. The identity of the participants will be known only to the researcher who will keep names and workplace details in a secure place, separate to the transcripts (this information will be required if further contact is necessary). In keeping with the requirements of the University, the transcribed interviews and field notes will be kept for a period of five years. Facilities and Resources The majority of expenses related to this project have already been funded by the Nursing Division of Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital. Additional expenses are estimated as follows: Photocopying and paper 5 reams @ $8 $440 5 Inter-Library Loans $200 Audio tapes 5 tapes @ $3 $15 Batteries 6 batteries @ $1 $6 Travel $100 Micro cassette recorder $400 Total: $1 161 Data Storage Data collected will be qualitative in nature and will be stored on a computer while analyses using Ethnograph computer software are completed. The data files will be maintained for five years after which they will be destroyed. Timeline June-August Year 1 Proposal submitted to University Ethics Committee August Year 1-January Year 2 Data collection and analysis February-June Year 2 Writing of final report 6 References Ambler Peters, D. (1991). Measuring quality: Inspection of opportunity. Holistic Nurse Practitioner, 5(3), 1-7. Appleton, C. (1993). The art of nursing: The experience of patients and nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18, 892-899. Attree, M. (1993). An analysis of the concept â€Å"quality† as it relates to contemporary nursing care. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 30(4), 355-369. Bartley, J. (1994). Hundreds of nurses protest parliament rally huge success. Australian Nursing Federation Newsletter, 10(4), 1-4. Board, R. F. J. (1988). The relationship of expertise to views of quality of nursing care for hospitalized prenatal women. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Michigan. (From Combined International Nursing and Allied Health Literature, 1994, Abstract No. 1990114296) Brown, L. (1986). The experience of care: patient perspectives. Topics in Clinical Nursing, July, 56-62, Chenitz, C. , ; Swanson, C. (1986). From practice to grounded theory: Qualitative research in nursing. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley. Chinn, P. L. , ; Jacobs, M. K. (1987). Theory and nursing. The C. V. Mosby Company, USA. Chipman, Y. (1991). Caring: Its meaning and place in the practice of nursing. Journal of Nursing Education, 30(4), 171-175. Clarke, J. B. , ; Wheeler, S. J. (1992). A view of the phenomenon of caring in nursing practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17, 1283-1290. Cronin, S. N. , ; Harrison, B. (1988). Importance of nurse caring behaviours as perceived by patients after myocardial infarction. Heart and Lung, 17(4), 374-380. Deeny, P. , ; McCrea, H. (1991). Stoma care: the patient's perspective. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16, 39-46. Erith-Toth, P. , & Spencer, M. (1991). A survey of patient perception of quality care. Journal of Enterostomal Therapy Nursing, 18, 122-125. Fitzpatrick, J. M. , While, A. E. , & Roberts, J. D. (1992). The role of the nurse in high quality patient care: a review of the literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17, 1210-1219. Forchuk, C. , & Kirkpatrick, H. (1991). Nurses' perception of quality of care. Canadian Journal of Nursing Administration, September/October, 7-16. Forrest, D. (1989). The experience of caring. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 14, 815-823. Fosbinder, D. M. (1991). Nursing care through the eyes of the patient. DNSc Thesis, University of San Diego (From Combined International Nursing and Allied Health Literature, 1994, Abstract No. 1992143848). From, M. A. (1992). The development of a caring nursing student. Abstract from Book of Abstracts, International State of the Science Congress, Washington DC, August, 208. Gilloran, A. J. , McGlew, T. , McKee, K. , Robertson, A. , ; Wight, D. (1993). Measuring the quality of care in psychogeriatric wards. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18, 269-275. Glaser, B. , ; Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine. Guba, E. S. 1981). Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 29, 75-92. Harvey, G. (1991). An evaluation of approaches to assessing the quality of nursing care using (predetermined) quality assurance tools. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16, 277-286. Health Observer (1994). Silver Chain promotes early discharge. May, 18. Hendrickson, G. and Doddato, T. M. (1989). Setting priorities during the shortage. Nursing Outlook, 37(6), 280-284. Hendrickson, G. , Doddato, T. M. , ; Kovuer, C. T. (1990). How do nurses use their time? Journal of Nursing Administration, 20(3), 31-37. Irurita, V. (1993). From person to patient: Nursing care from the patient's perspective. Unpublished report, Department of Nursing Research, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA. Janhonen, S. (1993). Finnish nurse instructors' view of the core of nursing. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 30(2), 157-169. Jenkins, J. B. (1988). Quality in patient care as perceived by nursing care providers. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Texas at Austin. (From Combined International Nursing and Allied Health Literature, 1994, Abstract No. 112616) Kitson, A. L. (1986). Indicators of quality in nursing care – an alternative approach. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 11, 133-144. 7 Larson, P. J. (1984). Important nurse caring behaviours perceived by patients with cancer. Oncology Nurses Forum, 11(6), 46-50. Larson, P. J. (1986). Cancer nurses' perceptions of caring. Cancer Nursing, 9(2), 86-91 Larson, P. J. (1987). Comparison of cancer patients' and professional nurses' perceptions of important nurse caring behaviours. Heart and Lung, 16(2), 187-193. Lapsley, J. (1989). The caring nurse: Patient dimensions perceptions and expectations. Unpublished project, Perth, WA. Le Compte, M. D. , & Goetz, J. P. (1982). Problems of reliability and validity in ethnographic research. Review of Educational Research, 52(1), 31-60. MacGuire, J. M. (1991). Quality care assessed: using the Senior Monitor index in three wards for the elderly before and after a change in primary nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16, 511-520. Mangold, A. M. (1991). Senior nursing students’ and professional nurses’ perceptions of effective caring behaviours: A comparative study. Journal of Nursing Education, 30(3), 134-9. Mayer, D. K. (1986). Cancer patients’ and families perceptions of nursing caring behaviours. Topics in Clinical Nursing, 8(2), 63-69. Millis, G. , & Tattum, A. (1994). ANJ readership survey. The Australian Nursing Journal, 1(6), 14-16. Morrison, P. (1990). The caring attitude in nursing practice: a repertory grid study of trained nurses’ perceptions. Nurse Education Today, 11, 3-12. Norman, I. J. , Redfern, S. J. , Tomalin, D. A. , & Oliver, S. (1992). Developing Flanagann’s critical incident technique to elicit indicators of high and low quality nursing care from patients and their nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17, 590-600. Pearson, A. , Durant, I. , & Punton, S. 1989). Determining quality in a unit where nursing is the primary intervention. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 14, 269-273. Rempusheski, V. F. , Chamberlain, S. L. , Picard, H. B. , Ruzanski, J. , & Collier, M. (1988). Expected and received care: patient perceptions. Nursing Administrative Quarterly, 12(3), 42-50. Rieman, D. J. (1986). Noncaring and caring in the clinical setting: patientsâ€℠¢ decriptions. Topics in Clinical Nursing, 8(2), 30-36. Riley, D. , & Oermann, M. (1992). Clinical teaching in nursing education (2nd edition). National League for Nursing: New York. Schaefer, K. M. & Lucke, K. T. (1990). Caring – the work of the Clinical Nurse Specialist. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 4(2), 87-92. Seidal, J. V. (1988). The Ethnograph version 3. 0 [computer program]. Corvallis, O. R. Qualis Research Associates. Smit, J. & Spoelstra, S. (1991). Do patients and nurses agree? Caring Magazine, October, 34-36. Strauss, A. , & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research. Graounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage: California. Varholak, D. M. (1989). Experiencing quality nursing care in a long term setting: A patient-nurse perspective. Unpublished manuscript. Columbia University Teachers College. Whelan, J. (1988). Ward sisters' management styles and their effects on nurses' perceptions of quality care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 13, 125-138. Yonge, O. J. ( 1989). Nurses ‘ and patients' ‘ perceptions of constant care in an acute care psychiatric facility: A descriptive qualitative study. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Alberta, Canada. 8 APPENDIX A Interview Guide What does quality nursing care mean to you? How does one ensure that quality nursing care is given? Give examples, in your experience, where you think high quality nursing care was given. Describe an incident). What are some of the most important aspects to consider in the delivery of quality nursing care? Can these be prioritised? What factors (if any) prevent you from achieving the delivery of quality nursing care to your patients (or patients generally)? What factors enable or help in the delivery of quality nursing care? Give examples of where improvement s in nursing care delivery could have been made. How would you rate the quality of care given to patients in your area of work? 9 APPENDIX B Demographic Information 1. Length of time employed at this hospital:_____________ 2. Length of time employed as a nurse:_____________ 3. Length of time employed on present ward:___________ 4. Level: New graduate______ Level 1_____ Level 2______ 5. Part-time______ Full-time______ 6. Initial nursing education: Hospital_________ College/University__________ 7. Year completed__________ 8. Post basic educational achievements: ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 9. Current studies: ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 10. Male_______ Female________ 11. Age_________