Living Off Of Minimum Wage - 1490 Words

Living off of Minimum Wage in the United States In Barbara Ehrenreich’s documentary novel, Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By In America (2001), she claimed that it is almost impossible to live off of minimum wage in the united states. She supports her claim by writing a documentary novel explaining the details of the life of the American struggles caused by the minimum wage. Through her book, she supports that minimum wage salary is insufficient means of survival and leads to a difficult life. After encountering many people who falsely accuse welfare receivers of being lazy and not work hard enough, she wrote a book to challenge and change the public’s negative opinion towards them and also about the day when the minimum wage workforce will stand up for themselves and demand to have a higher wage. Ehrenreich’s purpose for writing this novel was to bring attention to wage workforce by showing the general American public the life of their fellow citizens who are struggling to survive. The main, primary theme that Nickel and Dimed focuses on is the hardship and distress caused by the poverty in the United States. Ehrenreich’s main concern regarding this theme is how it is practically impossible to have basic necessities for survival with the amount of money earned from a minimum wage salary. She grasps the reader’s attention and proves her claims and arguments by using a unique technique called investigative journalism, which allows her to get the first-hand experienceShow MoreRelatedMinimum Wage Needs A Change1184 Words   |  5 PagesDoherty Ms. Lee English 2 16 May 2017 Minimum Wage Needs A Change According to the U.S. Census Bureau, nearly 14% of the nation lives below the poverty line, the current population is 326,474,013, and 45,706,362 of the population lives in poverty every single day. One of the reasons why such a large chunk of the population is in poverty is because they are not being paid a reasonable salary for them to support themselves and their families. Raising the minimum wage can lead to problems, but gradual increasesRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Should Not Be Raised858 Words   |  4 Pagesis of the opinion that the Minimum wage should not be raised. This is a large issue as the current federal minimum wage of $7.25 is not enough to support basic living costs in a fair number of states. Ted Cruz highlights the consequences of raising the minimum wage yet ignores the cons of it remaining static (Ted Cruz on the Minimum Wage). In an article in The Atlantic, the discussion of the cost of living is brought up. The article talks about how the â€Å"cost of living fluctuates with geography†Read MoreRaising Minimum Wage Will Benefit Our Economy1576 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many people who will debate whether-or-not raising minimum wage will benefit our economy. Money is what helps us survive and acquire our necessities of life. Most children are instilled with the thought that going to school, getting a good education, and obtaining a good job would guarantee success and happiness; although everyone does not have that privilege, and may end up with lower paying jobs. Almost anyone can get a job at a fast food restaurant, clothing store, or any general jobRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Should Not Reduce Poverty1214 Words   |  5 Pagesbelief persists that paying a higher minimum wage would aid in lifting people out of poverty by giving those with low paying jobs a higher income, however the evidence suggests otherwise. As the 2016 race for the White House heats up, the minimum wage battle stands at the forefront of every economic dis cussion. The rhetoric between candidates within and across party lines intensifies by the day. While the debate over whether or not to raise the federal minimum wage from $7.25/hour to $15/hour ragesRead MoreEffects of Increasing Minimum Wage Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea of having a federal minimum wage is a good one. The idea is to protect low and unskilled workers from discrimination and allow all workers to earn a living wage. The recent debate on the floor, though, is whether or not to raise the minimum wage from the current $7.25 per hour up to $10.10 per hour. President Barack Obama made this proposal during his annual State of the Union Address on January 28, and following this there were many hot debates about it. The debates focused not only onRead MoreFederal Minimum Wage Is $ 7.25 An Hour1339 Words   |  6 Pagesfederal minimum wage is $7.25 an hour. This is an issue, nation wide because the price of living is increasing, while the pay has not. Teenagers are not the only people that are getting paid this amount, adults that are considered the â€Å"bread winners† are too, and struggling with it. Supposing that the living wage was increased, the cost of living would be more manageable, and less stressful for many. Hundreds of thousands of people are living in poverty, since they are making the bare minimum and unableRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Of 22 Swiss Francs1219 Words   |  5 Pagesrejected the world’s highest minimum wage of 22 Swiss francs, which in American dollars, is roughly $25 per hour. Even Switzerland, one of the more famous countries remaining on the gold standard, has a problem regarding their minimum wage. As a high school student working off of American minimum wage, Switzerland’s presented amount is considered lofty and idealistic. In America, the minimum wage is $7.25, not nearly enough for an adult, let alone a teenanger living at home with parents. TeenagersRead MoreMinimum Wage: Can You Make a Decent Living on It? Essay850 Words   |  4 Pages Research Paper: Minimum Wage Minimum wage has become a major part of the conversation on labor. The base hourly rate in this country is something that has been raised to $7.25 federally and can become as high as $9 in some states. This is important social policy because it deals with the distribution of wealth particularly with lower class workers. Part of the discussion about minimum wage is whether or not someone can make a decent living on it. Talks of subsidization and supplementation haveRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Minimum Wage1314 Words   |  6 PagesThe minimum wage has arguably become the most controversial topic regarding our economy today, as it influences one of the largest classes of people within the United States, the working class. Federally, the minimum wage has not been raised in eight years, so it has stayed at $7.25 per hour for all non-exempt workers (U.S. DoL). The opinions on this topic are typically split across a progressive-conservative line, with progressives being in favor of a raise from $7.25, and conservatives wantingRead MoreEffects of Increasing Minimum Wage794 Words   |  3 Pagesa federal minimum wage is a good one. The idea is to protect low and unskilled workers and allow workers to earn a living wage. The recent debate on the floor, though, is whether or not to raise the minimum wage from the current $7.25 per hour up to $10.10. President Barack Obama made this proposal during his annual State of the Union Address, and after this there were many hot debates about it. The debates focused not only on the pro side and the con side of increasing the minimum wage, but also

Fences Is A Family Drama Written By August Wilson

Fences is a family drama written by August Wilson, which portrays the scenario of 50’s American society. The play explores the turmoil in the socio-economic situation faced by the African-American people in the period along with their experience of life, civil rights, personal relationships and racial situation. The play concentrates on describing different ‘fences’ of life, which were faced by the African-American society during 50’s. The play was set in 1950, almost a decade prior than the civil rights movement in America, which represented the major reasons or factors of the movement and radical changes evident in the nation. The play successfully depicts the history of America in terms of the problems raised in the society, which are derived from the experiences of the author and are shown through the different shades of the characters (Shilling, â€Å"Fences, duchess theatre, review†). The essay intends to conduct an argumentative discussion on the character ‘Rose’ to draw a relation between the character development and the theme determination of the play. August Wilson concentrated on an African –American family to portray the issues in life of the society in the era. The major characters in this play include Troy Maxson, the head of the family; Rose Maxson, Troy’s wife; Cory Maxson, Troy’s son; friend Jim Bono, younger brother Gabriel Maxson, Lyson Maxson, Troy’s son from previous marriage and daughter Raynell Maxson. The play started with Troy, who was a baseballShow MoreRelatedFences, By Eileen J. Morris966 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Fences† is a theater play run at Ensemble Theater located in Houston and it was written by August Wilson and directed by Eileen J. Morris. Fences is the African-American story of a black family trying to settle in the middle of the American Pittsburgh urban area in the 1950s. Wilson made special attention to the details of the time and brought them to the present, in a nice and original every day production. Fences play starts on a Friday, when Troy and Bono go to Troy s house as usual for theirRead MoreFences, By Eileen J. Morris968 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Fences† is a theatre play run at Ensemble Theatre, located in Houston and it was written by August Wilson and directed by Eileen J. Morris. Fences is the African-American story of a black family trying to settle in the middle of the American Pittsburgh urban area in the 1950s. Wilson made special attention to the details of the time and brought them to the present, in a nice and original everyday production. Fences play starts on a Friday, when Troy and Bono go to Troy s house as usual for theirRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Cory in The Play Fences by August Wilson1109 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause of a fear that was rooted in him nearly eight-teen years earlier. When Troy was released from prison he dreamed of playing Major League Baseball but at that time it was an impossibility because of racial dis he other primary relationship of Fences is that of Troy to his son Cory (Courtney B. Vance) - a promising 17-year-old football player being courted by a college recruiter. Troy himself was once a baseball player in the Negro Leagues - early enough to hit homers off Satchel Paige, tooRead MoreFences, By August Wilson895 Words   |  4 PagesFences written by August Wilson is an award winning drama that depicts an African-America family who lives in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania during the 1950’s. During this time, the Mason’s reveal the struggles working as a garbage man, providing for his family and excepting life as is. The end of segregation began, more opportunities for African American people were accessible. Troy, who’s the father the Cory and husband of Rose has shoes fill as a working African America man. He is the family breadwinnerRead MoreFences Is A Play Written By August Wilson In 1983.The Play1181 Words   |  5 Pages Fences is a play written by August Wilson in 1983. The play investigates the evolving African- American experience and looks at race-relations, among many other themes. The main character of the play is Troy Maxson, a 52-year-old who struggled to satisfy his family need. Troy has had his dreams taken from him. He wanted more than anything to be a pro baseball player, but his career was stopped because of racial discrimination, which, lead to a misconception between Troy and his son. In thisRead MoreEssay on An Analysis for the Play Fences1293 Words   |  6 PagesFences - An Analysis James E. May Averett University History of the Theatre TH 220 / BBA 469 Ronal Stepney November 07, 2011 The story line seemed melodramatic throughout the play. The author (August Wilson) has laid the ground work of many themes throughout the play. The play deals with Race, Men and their masculinity, Morality, Dreams and hopes of everyone involved, Family, Duty, Betrayal and Dissatisfaction. The play begins with Troy and his best friend Bono entering the yard chattingRead MoreFences Research1694 Words   |  7 PagesBoundaries in August Wilson’s Fences The early 1950’s was a time of enormous importance because of the Civil Rights Movement which emphasized equal rights for blacks and whites. According to the book Approaching Literature, this time period became very familiar to August Wilson, the author of the play Fences. Wilson, an African American man, was raised by his mother and his ex-convict father. For a short period of time, before moving back to his old neighborhood, Wilson lived in a primarilyRead More August Wilsons Fences - Building Fences Essay3028 Words   |  13 PagesAugust Wilsons Fences - Building Fences The first time I read August Wilsons Fences for english class, I was angry. I was angry at Troy Maxson, angry at him for having an affair, angry at him for denying his son, Cory, the opportunity for a football scholarship.I kept waiting for Troy to redeem himself in the end of the play, to change his mind about Cory, or to make up with Ruth somehow. I wanted to know why, and I didnt, couldnt understand. I had no intention of writing my research paperRead MoreMasculinity And Self Determination And Aggression1445 Words   |  6 Pagesattainment of success and status, self-determination and aggression (Clark). August Wilson was born in 1945 and was a play writer of America who composed work consisting of a chain of ten dramas, known as The Pittsburgh Cycle. Each play of the chain was written about a different era which represented the catastrophic and amusing features of African Americans in the previous century. African American masculinity was portrayed by Wilson in his different plays to lessen the negative image of black males inRead MoreFences : Fences 1783 Words   |  8 PagesWolf THTR 210 13 Oct 2014 FENCES Fences is a play, set in U.S. society in the late 1950s, which deals with serious and common issues of humankind. It is the sixth in Wilson s ten-part Pittsburgh Cycle. Like all of the Pittsburgh plays, the play was written in 1983. The beginning scene is about Troy, who is a strong character, in full control of his life, his wife, and his son Cory. The last scene is on the day of the funeral of Troy Maxson. Fences presents characters who are real

A World Of Diversity Essay Example For Students

A World Of Diversity Essay Ethnocentric, derived from the Greek words of Ethnos, meaningrace, people or cultural group, and Kentrikos, meaning concentratedabout or directed to a center is a word that greatly describes manycultures on this planet we call Earth . The official definition ofEthnocentric is characterized or based on the attitude that ones owngroup is superior or having race as a central interest. There is a wholeworld of problems, politics, and, other cultures, but it seems that theaverage Americans only interest is that of themselves. The reason I choseto focus more on the American being ethnocentric is because I have beenexposed the most to this culture. Why is it that in most foreign countries being knowledgeableabout world politics is just as important as their own cultures politics?America is the melting pot of the world with so many different culturesand we accept this variety into our country as we were accepted when ourancestors came over. Today I feel that people are arrogant towards thoseforeigners who dont wash away their former demeanor. Why dont werealize that we are so lucky to live in a secure and free country that shouldglorify diversity and not promote prejudice. When we make contact withpeople whose beliefs and cultural tradition challenge our own perspectivemost feel some sort of intimidation. Professor Michael Bond from SimonFraser University quoted:the mere existence of different others is inherentlythreatening because they either implicitly or explicitlychallenge the absolute validity of ones own perspective. According to this analysis, prejudice is a psychologicalinability to tolerate the existence of different others andresults from a need to maintain absolute faith in ones owncultural world view. Ethnocentrism in my opinion is very ignorant, unintelligent, and closedminded in that your normal rituals may seem just as strange to othercultures, but are seen by them in a more understanding way. Ethnocentrism has been instilled in us since birth, learning toattach our selves to our cultural groups depending on them for comfortand a sense of safety. Piagets theory on child development states that achild believes he is the center of the universe until he learns to de-centerhimself, i.e., he realizes that the world can be constructed from a numberof different perspectives. This is when the child starts to care for othersand takes a better understanding of respect and friendliness towardsthem. People as a whole in a way have to de-center their strongcultural beliefs, as well as the thought that their culture is the only oneimportant enough to concern themselves with. American sociologist,political economist and the originator of the term ethnocentric, WilliamGraham Sumner, in 1904 defined ethnocentrism as :the view of things in which ones own group is the center ofeverything and all others are scaled and rated, inreference to ones group. Each group thinks that its ownfolkways ar e the only right ones. And if it observes that otherpeople have other folkways, these excite its scorn. Ethnocentrism may manifest itself in behavior such as warfare,attitudes of superiority, hostility, violence, discrimination, and verbalaggression. In the past, groups such as the Nazis, the Crusaders and, theMuslims have waged wars and death over cultural and religiousdifferences using ethnocentrism as there incentive. Hate groups are alsoformed on this notion believing that their religious or cultural group issuperior to others when in reality their customs are simply different. I realize that we are all ethnocentric to varying degrees becausewe are born into a culture at birth and we cling to that culture as a

Orphan Drugs Essays - Pharmaceuticals Policy,

Orphan Drugs The term orphan drug refers to a product that treats a rare disease affecting fewer than 200,000 Americans. Orphan drugs help the companies that manufacture them, under the Orphan drug act. Under the act a small company can pick up a product that would be worth anywhere from $5 million to $20 million a year. The orphan drug act has helped in the development of products to treat drug addiction, leprosy, hemophilia, and rare cancers, as well as diseases most people have never heard of, such as cryptosporidiosis (an infection caused by a protozoan parasite found in animals intestines that causes diarrhea, fever, weight loss, and lymph node enlargement) and neurocysticerosis. In the past the FDA under the drug act has approved few years 41 orphan drugs. One of the premier examples of how well the Orphan Drug Act can work came with the approval of the drug PEG-ADA (adenosine deaminase and enzyme the body usually produces on its own). This was a breakthrough FDAs Haffner said of PEGnology , the enzyme replacement process developed by Enzon. If it works the way its thought it will, this technology will change the way we can provide drugs to the patients. The history of the Orphan Drug Act FDA set up the offices of Orphan Product Development in 1982 to focus on drugs, medical devices, foods for medical purposes, and biologics such as immune globulin for rare disorders. President Reagan signed the Orphan Drug Act into law on JAN. 3 1983. It guarantees the developer of an orphan drug seven years of market exclusivity and 50 percent tax credit for certain clinical research expenses. Imagine Pepsi or Coke having a monopoly on each others soft drink, that would be the equivalent on that. Initially, the act applied to only patient populations when it could be shown there was little or no hope of recovering development cost from sales in the United States. A later amendment to the act defined an orphan product as one with a potential patient population of fewer than 200,000 people. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA makes grants for drug development, assists the drug developer in the designing the clinical studies required for marketing and can speed up the drug approval process. A lot of these drugs are for very serious and life threatening disorders, in some cases affecting only a few hundred people. You have the smaller NDA (new drug application) and a group of very needy people, and thats what expedites it. But the safety and the efficacy requirements are the same Marlene Haffner FDAs director of orphan product development. Since the enactment of the Orphan Drug Act, 41 drugs for rare diseases have been developed and brought onto the market. Activity in orphan products, which, in addition to drugs, can include biologics, medical devices, and foods marketed for medical purposes, is researching an all time high. According to Haffner, FDA has designated as orphans 375 drugs and at least 150 are being actively developed or are going through the approval process. The federal award grant available to fund orphan drug development have increased steadily from $500,000 in 1983 to $7.5 million in 1990. However hardly any of the federal grants go to private organizations such as NORD. Todays more common definition of Orphan Drug. Another definition of Orphan Drug refers to a drug that will serve so few patients that it will be commercially impractical for a manufacturer to sponsor it. Orphan drug also refers to compounds in the public domain for which there can be no patent protection once a company goes through expensive efficacy test and gets FDA approval, so that a competitor could immediately begin producing a generic copy at a fraction of the cost. The phrase was coined in a 1968 editorial in American Journal of Pharmacy, Homeless or Orphan Drugs. Accomplishments: The Orphan Drug Act has been a major success and a model federal program. The FDA has designated Fifteen years ago after its passage, more than 150 orphan drugs have been approved for marketing in the United States, and 800. Additionally, Japan, Singapore, and Australia have enacted orphan drug legislation, and the European Union is expected to enact a similar law in 1999.

Bill Clinton essays

Bill Clinton essays In his early career, Clinton worked on several political campaigns ranging from Arkansas politicians to a US Senate candidate from Connecticut. In 1978, Clinton decided to run for governor of Arkansas. He won easily. Clinton was one of the youngest governors in history. He was 32 years of age. He held the job for two years, then lost when he ran for reelection. He ran again in 1982, and was reelected every two years until 1991. He was Arkansas's first governor to serve five terms in a row. Clinton served effectively as governor of Arkansas up until 1992. He introduced the state of Arkansas to an excellent economic package and worked on the state's poor education system. On January 30, 1993 William Jefferson Clinton was sworn in as the 42nd president of the United States. In his first term Clinton appointed more woman and minorities as cabinet members than other president. In president Clinton's second term he nominated Madeleine Alberight as the first women secretary of state. During Clinton's first term as president many U.S. laws and acts were passed. On February 5, 1993, he signed "The Family and Medical Leave Act." This allowed leave for workers with new children or sick family members. Another bill which he signed was the "motor voter" bill. This bill made it easier to register to vote. He signed another important bill on November 30, 1993. This bill would be known as "The Brady Bill" (Brady Handgun Violence Bill). This includes a waiting period and background check. Many important events were happening in the world while Clinton was president. One such event was the civil war between Bosnia and Herzegovina. In November, 1995 the Clinton administration hosted peace talks between the fighting parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A peace agreement was reached. As a result of this agreement, the country became a single state with a central government. Clinton also had success in the negotiations between Israe...

Free Essays on Teen Websites

Searching for websites that are appropriate for teenagers can be difficult in today’s society. Targeting their interests while still encouraging academic, social, and intellectual growth can be a very difficult task. Unfortunately, many websites that are available currently to teens have given up on the latter half of this mission, and instead provide shallow opinions and superficial advice that ends up corrupting instead of improving. Some of the websites that target teenage girls are particularly influential. In trying to find teen-appropriate websites, I located three sites suggested by a â€Å"Teens Only† link site. All three turned out to be websites promoting popular teenage magazines; specifically, Seventeen, YM, and Teen People. During the tender teenage years, girls already have enough problems trying to distort their physical images to match those presented by the critical media. Certain TV stations such as MTV constantly brainwash teenagers into believing that in order to be â€Å"cool† and â€Å"accepted†, you must fit a stereotypical image that usually involves a stick-thin figure, impeccable make-up skills, and phenomenal abilities on the dance floor. Of course, the proper attire is crucial as well; the wrong clothes can be the equivalent of social death, according to the ideas presented by the media. The websites for the three magazines that supposedly are appropriate for teens promoted the same shallow values. Each home page showed at least one of the covers of their particular magazine, and each cover had a ridiculously thin supermodel baring her golden, flawless skin to the world, with no apparent qualms. These models are also portrayed to be always smiling, care-free, and beautiful, never laden with the problems that plague everyday people. Inside the magazine, more beautiful people beckon from alluring ads that suggest that a certain beauty product can produce a supermodel with only one simple applicat... Free Essays on Teen Websites Free Essays on Teen Websites Searching for websites that are appropriate for teenagers can be difficult in today’s society. Targeting their interests while still encouraging academic, social, and intellectual growth can be a very difficult task. Unfortunately, many websites that are available currently to teens have given up on the latter half of this mission, and instead provide shallow opinions and superficial advice that ends up corrupting instead of improving. Some of the websites that target teenage girls are particularly influential. In trying to find teen-appropriate websites, I located three sites suggested by a â€Å"Teens Only† link site. All three turned out to be websites promoting popular teenage magazines; specifically, Seventeen, YM, and Teen People. During the tender teenage years, girls already have enough problems trying to distort their physical images to match those presented by the critical media. Certain TV stations such as MTV constantly brainwash teenagers into believing that in order to be â€Å"cool† and â€Å"accepted†, you must fit a stereotypical image that usually involves a stick-thin figure, impeccable make-up skills, and phenomenal abilities on the dance floor. Of course, the proper attire is crucial as well; the wrong clothes can be the equivalent of social death, according to the ideas presented by the media. The websites for the three magazines that supposedly are appropriate for teens promoted the same shallow values. Each home page showed at least one of the covers of their particular magazine, and each cover had a ridiculously thin supermodel baring her golden, flawless skin to the world, with no apparent qualms. These models are also portrayed to be always smiling, care-free, and beautiful, never laden with the problems that plague everyday people. Inside the magazine, more beautiful people beckon from alluring ads that suggest that a certain beauty product can produce a supermodel with only one simple applicat...

Fetal alcohol syndrome Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fetal alcohol syndrome - Article Example Although FAS is seen as a leading cause of mental retardation, only approximately 20% are mentally retarded, which may explain evidences of behavior problems. In addition, these children are placed in regular schools, where most of the time teachers do not have concrete ideas on how to enhance learning specifically for these students. Participants The three-year study was participated by three students diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), who were also previously part of a larger research study concerning the condition, and they were K-12 school-aged when the present study was conducted. The 13 teachers who willingly participated involved 7 men and 6 women. The educators differed in specialized content areas, including math, physical education, English and language arts, and keyboarding, with varied professional experiences, ranging from 1 to 24 years. They were selected from three sites, Windy Way, Fishport, and Island City. Methods Qualitative methods were used i n the study and data collection methods included (a) individual or group interviews with teachers on-site, (b) participants’ classroom observations, and, (c) retrieval of the students’ relevant educational and medical records. A total of 26 interviews were conducted during the course of the study, in which these were all taped and transcribed.

The Silence of the Lambs Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Silence of the Lambs - Movie Review Example She strikes deals with him, sometimes falling aprey to his words. She keeps coming across clues and tries solving the case with investigative procedures. Contribution: The gloomy images of the mental asylum, the personified darkness and imagery of the moth contributes a great deal to enrich the feel of the film and in creating a greater impact on the audiences. Contribution: The characterization of the film contributes greatly to the overall quality of the movie. The forensic psychiatrist turned cannibalistic killer, the serial killer, a young detective, the Senator, murders, etc. greatly accentuate the plot and the effect of the film. Explanation: This theme is carried on throughout the movie since all attempts are made by the FBI to investigate the series of murders committed by Buffalo Bill. In t he process, Starling takes the help of forensic psychiatrist turned cannibalistic killer, who is serving consecutive sentences at an asylum. Thus, this theme of Murder and Investigation, amidst some great psychological action runs throughout the film.

Gender Inequality Essay Example for Free

Gender Inequality Essay I have chosen to make my presentation about inequalities between genders after having seen a video last week . I don’t know if someone has seen the speech of Emma Watson at the United Nation about that but if you don’t , the actress gave an impassioned speech on feminism and gender at the U.N. headquarters in New York this weekend to launch the â€Å"HeForShe† campaign which aims to galvanize one billion men and boys as advocates for ending the inequalities that women and girls face globally. â€Å"I decided I was a feminist and this seemed uncomplicated to me. But my recent research has shown me that feminism has become an unpopular word. Apparently I am among the ranks of women whose expressions are seen as too strong, too aggressive, isolating, anti-men and, unattractive. Why is the word such an uncomfortable one? I am from Britain and think it is right that as a woman I am paid the same as my male counterparts. I think it is right that I should be able to make decisions about my own body. I think it is right that women be involved on my behalf in the policies and decision-making of my country. I think it is right that socially I am afforded the same respect as men. But sadly I can say that there is no one country in the world where all women can expect to receive these rights.† No society treats its women as well as its men. Thats the conclusion from the United Nations Development Programme, as written in its 1997 Human Development Report. Almost 50 years earlier, in 1948, the United Nations General Assembly had adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which specified that everyone, regardless of sex, was entitled to the same rights and freedoms. The 1997 Human Development Report, as well as every Human Development Report that followed, has highlighted that each country falls short of achieving that goal.. In this presentation, well take a trip around the world to examine 10 examples of gender inequality 10: Professional Obstacles Women fought for decades to take their place in the workplace alongside men, but that fight isnt over yet. According to the most recent statistics from the U.S. Census, women earn just 77 percent of what men earn for the same amount of work]. In addition to this gender wage gap, women often face a glass ceiling when it comes to promotions, which is evident when you survey the lack of women in leadership positions at major companies. Women who have  children often find themselves penalized for taking time off; if theyre not dismissed, they may face discrimination and outdated ideas of what a woman can accomplish if shes pregnant or a mother.. 9: Limited Mobility Saudi Arabia provides the most extreme example of limited mobility for women: In that country, women are not allowed to drive a car or ride a bicycle on public roads. The strict Islamic law in the country prohibits women from leaving the home without a mans permission, and if they do leave the home, they cant drive a car . While Saudi Arabia is the only country that prohibits women from driving a car, other countries restrict womens overseas travels by limiting their access to passports, and even women in developed countries may complain of limited mobility. While these women may have the legal right to drive cars and ride planes, they may elect not to go out by themselves at night due to the threat of rape or attack. 8: Violence In 2008, U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon reported that one in every three women is likely to be beaten, coerced into sex or otherwise abused in her lifetime .In both the developed and the developing world, violence against women in the form of rape, spousal abuse, child abuse or spousal killing is such routine behavior that it rarely even makes the news anymore. In conflict zones, rape of women and children is increasingly used as a weapon of war 7: Feticide and Infanticide Youll often hear expectant parents say that they dont care if they have a boy or a girl, as long as the baby is healthy. In some countries, such as China and India, a male child is more valuable than a female child, and this gender bias causes parents to care very much if they have a boy or a girl. Thanks to advances in genetic testing, parents can find out if theyre having a boy or a girl, and they may elect to end a pregnancy that would yield a female child Chinas one child policy may have led to many sex-selective abortions. 6. Restricted Land Ownership In some countries, such as Chile and Lesotho, women lack the right to own  land. All deeds must include the name of a man, be it the womans husband or father. If one of those men were to die, the woman has no legal claim to land that she may have lived on or worked all her life. And some women remain in abusive marriages so that they wont lose a place to live. Such restricted rights can be particularly frustrating in rural areas where agriculture is dominant. 5: Feminization of Poverty Women in some countries have no right to own the land on which they live or work. Not only can such a state trap women in abusive marriages, it also contributes to a phenomenon that economists have deemed the feminization of poverty. More than 1.5 billion people in the world live on less than one dollar a day, and the majority of those people are women . The United Nations often cites the statistic that women do two-thirds of the worlds work, receive 10 percent of the worlds income and own 1 percent of the means of production Many female entrepreneurs have been foiled and left to dwell in poverty because of restricted access to basic legal rights. 4: Access to Health Care In many countries, a pregnant woman in labor can head to any hospital, confident that she will receive assistance in delivery. That seems like a luxury to women in developing countries, however. According to the World Health Organization, one woman dies in childbirth every minute of every day. Thats more than 500,000 deaths every year, many of which could have been prevented if the woman had been allowed to leave her home to receive treatment, or if shed had a skilled attendant by her side. Childbirth is but one example of how women receive unequal access to health care services. 3: Freedom to Marry and Divorce In the United States, love (and the lack of it) is a subject for romantic comedies and conversation over cocktails. In other countries, love may not enter the discussion at all when it comes to marriage. In many countries, young girls are forced to marry men two or three times their age. According to UNICEF, more than one-third of women aged 20 to 24 were married before they turned 18, which is considered the minimum legal age of marriage in most countries When a woman wants out of a loveless marriage, her options are limited in many countries. In some places, courts automatically grant custody of children to the husband, and women often have no chance of receiving any measure of financial support. In other places, such as Egypt, women dont even have access to a court. While men are allowed a divorce after an oral renunciation registered with the court, women face years of obstacles to get in front of a judge. For this reason, many women around the world are trapped in abusive marriages. 1: Education Attainment Of the children that arent in school right now, the majority of them are girls.]. When it comes to education, girls worldwide get the short end of the stick. Girls may be kept out of school to help with household chores, they may be pulled from school if their father deems its time for them to marry, or there may only be enough money to educate one child from the family and the boy assumes the responsibility. This gap in educational attainment becomes particularly maddening when you consider the numerous studies that have been done which show that educating girls is a key factor in eliminating poverty and aiding development. Girls who complete school are less likely to marry young, more likely to have smaller families and exhibit better health outcomes in relation to maternal mortality and HIV/AIDS. These women also go on to earn higher salaries, which they then invest in their own families, thus ensuring that future generations of girls get to go on to school. Indeed, its addressin g the inequalities in education that may solve many of the other problems on this list. 2: Political Participation Analysts often posit that many of the issues on this list could be solved if women had higher levels of political participation. Despite making up half the global population, women hold only 15.6 percent of elected parliamentary seats in the world. Theyre missing from all levels of government local, regional and national. Why is it important that women take part in politics? A study that examined women in leadership in Bolivia, Cameroon and Malaysia found that when women could take part in shaping spending priorities, they were more likely to invest in family and community resources, health, education and the eradication of poverty than the men, who were more likely to invest in the military [source: Some countries have experimented with quoBy No society treats its women as well as its men. Thats the conclusion from the United Nations Development Programme, as written in its 1997 Human Development Report [source: UNDP]. Almost 50 years earlier, in 1948, the United Nations General Assembly had adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which specified that everyone, regardless of sex, was entitled to the same rights and freedoms. The 1997 Human Development Report, as well as every Human Development Report that followed, has highlighted that each country falls short of achieving that goal. The severity of the shortfall varies by country; Nordic countries such as Sweden, Norway and Iceland, for example, are routinely hailed as having the smallest gender gaps. In the developing world, however, women face unfairness that can be hard to fathom. In this article, well take a trip around the world to examine 10 examples of gender inequality.

Science, Technology, and Human Values Essay -- Slaughterhouse-Five Ess

Science, Technology, and Human Values in Sigmund Freud's Civilization and Its Discontents, Henrik Ibsen and Arthur Miller's An Enemy of the People, and Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five Technology has advanced to the point where it touches our lives in nearly every conceivable way-we no longer have to lift a finger to perform the most trivial tasks. The wealth of information and science we have learned in the last few centuries have made our lives easier but not always better, especially when concerning civilization as a whole. Ibsen, Freud, and Vonnegut argue that human values have not kept pace with knowledge's unceasing expansion, which has become an anathema for the individual person and deleterious to society's delectation, albeit without people's entire comprehension. Henrik Ibsen, as adapted by Arthur Miller, uses his play An Enemy of the People to illustrate how one's contentedness is not necessarily aided by technology but in many instances in fact hindered. When the town's main industry, Kirsten Springs, becomes polluted it raises queries from Dr. Stockmann as to its hazardousness to its occupants. Nearly all residents of the little Norwegian city rally behind Aslaksen, the printer and leader of the business class, in destroying the doctor's credibility so that his accusations of the dangerous water will never be believed by tourists, which would result in a prodigious financial loss for all. This quaint town is a representation of humanity's tendencies towards egoism. When money is involved, it doesn't matter what the risk is, regardless of physical injuriousness and potential loss of life. The springs symbolize technology and Dr. Stockmann stands for venerable human values. The technology has become prosperous ... ...ges of technology outweigh the disadvantages to the collective human values of society. Science and Technology are not pursued to improve the moral values of man and as such will be perpetually in disagreement. Humanity will never cease to create new technologies and learn about the universe through scientific methods. A person's values on the other hand are not actively augmented and will suffer. Society is in need of a refreshing of ethics that stays on par with the development of man's other creations. Works Cited Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. Ed. and Trans. James Strachey. New York: Norton, 1962. Ibsen, Henrik and Hampton, Christopher (translator). An Enemy of the People. Boston: Faber and Faber, 1997 Stoppard, Tom. Arcadia. London: Faber and Faber, 1993. Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse-Five. New York: Dell Publishing, 1998.

Alias Olympia

Olympia is the painting made by artist Edouard Manet, which is a nude painting which portrayed a style much like early studio photographs, but it was based more on the Venus of Urbino by Titan. Despite the fact that Olympia was painted by Manet alone, his model, Victorine Meurent also played a great part in the creation of this painting. Through the collaboration of both the artist and the subject, Edouard Manet’s and Victorine Meurent’s Olympia became one of the first modern works of art during the time of the Renaissance.Edouard Manet’s contribution to the painting was that he was the one who created it, giving life to a two-dimensional image making it into something more. He conceptualized what the painting would look like, when he was challenged to give the Salon a nude painting to display during that time. His painting became very controversial, as it showed a nude model is wearing several small items of clothing. Because of this, her nude body is given more emphasis, as it was decorated with an orchid in her hair, a bracelet, a small ribbon worn around her neck, and a pair of mule slippers.Because of this, Manet’s Olympia was attracted greater attention as her nakedness was more accentuated, as well as the comfortable courtesan lifestyle and sexuality which is being depicted by the painting. The elements of the painting were Manet’s contribution to the piece as well. The orchid flower, the unruly hair, the black cat and the flower bouquet all recognized female sexuality during that time. Another element which Manet gave emphasis on was her body, as she symbolized the modern Venus.She was thin as compared to the prevailing standards, and it was regarded as lacking of idealism, which has successful enough to catch the attention of viewers, despite being placed high on the wall of Salon. Another element was the contrast being set by the black female servant in the background. The servant was fully dressed, as compared to he r master who was fully undressed. This shows the irony of the understanding before, where black women were regarded more sexually active, something which is not evident in this scene. On the other hand, the model of Olympia, Victorine Meurent, is also an author of this work of art.This is because Meurent effectively played the part of a modern day Venus in the painting, attracting and arousing the interest not only of critics but also of other artists to follow this line of work. Manet’s work was considered a modern work of art because of Victorine Meurent’s effective portrayal. She was viewed as a radical subject of the painting, wherein she showed a different flatness, tonalism, foreshortened shadows, and a peculiar perspective in her which characterized Olympia as modern work of art during that time (Levine).It is said that Victorine Meurent’s portrayal of Venus has produced a woman which is not voluptuous in a traditional sense, and that she is not being ser ved up to the viewers – instead she was aloof, self contained and mostly disdainful. Any visitor, or in this case anyone who views the piece would be dared by Meurent’s portrayal, as if staring him down. Victorine Meurent’s portrayal of Venus in Olympia is said to give the lie to every Venus. This has undermined tradition, as well as stared out at history, and this is all because of a self-contained model in the person of Victorine Meurent posed as a classical nude.This has raised the outrage of the spectators, giving the painting, the model and the artist enough publicity to live by. After all the criticisms that Meurent received because of her portrayal of the Olympia, critics recognized that she was indeed a real woman of the nineteenth century. There is however, an issue of ambiguity of the life of Victorine Meurent as only a little is known about her. In Olympia, she stared down every man who looked at her, with her gaze fixed, and her facial expressions un moving, she was indeed a symbol of power for the woman of the nineteenth century.Meurent did not posses much record that would tell anything about her. Because of this, the masses were left to interpret things for themselves, including how Victorine Meurent lived her life. Edouard Manet’s Olympia was found to be a modern work of art during that time, and this is partially because of the depiction of Venus in the form of Victorine Meurent. According to Eunice Lipton, Olympia is truly a modern work of art because it depicts a prostitute in 1865, and that the artist has dealt with modernity in one of the most emotional and familiar way, though it was also filled with difficulty.One manifestation of this modernity is that the piece has its own materiality, and this is seen in how the prostitute stared, which is full of professional and standardized attentiveness. Olympia both has a naked body and a naked stare, as well as a reserved self which can be accounted to none other than the model, Victorine Meurent. Another perspective given by Charles Boudelaire regarding Olympia’s modernity is that it depicts heroism of modern life, as his bold manner of presenting Olympia has inspired future impressionists.Olympia is a modern work of art as it was able to depict life as it is now, and not as something ideal or something imagined. He urged other artists to follow the footsteps of Edouard Manet and try to develop contemporary situations where the nude can be depicted. Another critic, Clement Greenberg referred to Manet’s style in Olympia as his â€Å"inconsistency,† not in a negative way but in a modernist way. This is what made him stand out from other artists who came before him, and this significantly affected his status as a one-of-a-kind modern artist. Another proof of modernism in this work was that it is radical in its acute realism.This peculiar image of a woman confronts the common ways which women are being depicted. Manet was suppos ed to be portraying Venus, but what he showed in his piece of work was someone very different from Venus. This person portrayed is able to say words with just her stare, arousing the interest of many. Looking at the present situation, we can compare Victorine Meurent to a famous Hollywood star, Paris Hilton. These two posses’ great similarities in their position in the society as empowered women. One of the similarities that these two have is the popularity among the opposite sex.Victorine Meurent started posing for painters at a young age of 16, and has continued to do so for several years that followed. Some of the works which featured her showed her nude body. Because of this, she became an object of desire for men, and the society regarded her as a prominent nude figure, despite having posed in other decent works of art made. On the other hand, Paris Hilton’s popularity came to rise when various sex videos about her have spread through the internet. As a daughter o f a very prominent businessman, she easily made it to the news, and the press was all over her.They regarded Paris Hilton as an object of sexual desire and for quite a long time, this impression on her was not changed. Another similarity between the two is that both of them were able to capitalize from the negative impression that people had towards them. Victorine Meurent posed for other works which showed her nude body. After some time, she was accepted by the society and regarded her as the image of a modern woman. She gained a lot of followings in both the principle or in practice. Despite being negatively judged by others before, she was finally able to realize her importance and her potentials.On the other hand, Paris Hilton was able to capitalize from this popularity which she made as a stepping stone in her road to stardom. Nobody cared about the sex scandals and videos spreading all over the internet nowadays because many other stars have released their own, as it further i ncreases their own popularity. These videos and scandals became a means of advertising one’s self, and this has been started by none other than Paris Hilton. Analyzing their characters, we can also say that there is a difference in how they respond to various questions.Victorine Meurent lived a quiet life maybe while Paris Hilton lived a very colorful and controversial life. Paris Hilton chose to stay under the limelight while Victorine Meurent after some years, decided not to show up anymore. Victorine Meurent’s life during that time was not hard, as compared to other people. She grew up in a family of artisans, exposing her to the world of art back in her early years. Meurent started posing when she was just 16 years old and continued to do so until the early 1870s. Meurent grew up in a privileged family, so there is really not much problem encountered while she was growing.Victorine was a very talented person, as she’s able to play instruments like the guitar and violin. This could be a manifestation of her inclination towards the world of art. Her love for art was further extended when she also studied academic type of painting. Her modeling for various artists was indeed a great contribution in her part for the world of art, as she was successful to depict the modern woman during that time. During the time of the Renaissance, there were a lot of artists emerged, and the only way to stay and be recognized by many is for the work of art to leave a lasting impression in the minds of the people.Because of the collaboration between an artist and the subject, Both Meurent and Manet were able to forged a lasting impression in the minds of the audience, even though they are not able pull though because of various reasons. Works Cited: Levine, Steven Z. â€Å"Alias Olympia: A Woman's Search for Manet's Notorious Model and Her Own Desire – Book Reviews†. 1993. Art Journal. April 8 2008. .

Racial Formation Summary Essay

Racial Formations by Michael Omi and Howard Winant, in my eyes, successfully explained how we as a society view race and gives us a sense of how it is observed within social contexts. Omi and Winant used media, ideas, and everyday examples to portray their views about race. Omi and Winant’s article began with the Susie Guillory Phipps’s case about how she had (Omi and Winant 2014) â€Å"unsuccessfully sued the Louisiana Bureau of Vital Records† (p.13) because she wanted to change her racial distinction from black to white on her birth certificate. Phipps argument was that racial classifications were unconstitutional. However, the court had upheld the belief that classifying individuals based on race was indeed constitutional. The Phipps case demonstrated for many centuries, that the United States had always tried to define race and how it is to fit within our social context. Omi and Winant then goes on to say this struggle to define race is not only seen in the U nited States, but is seen in other locations around the world, such as Europe. With exploration of the new world, many Europeans had believed that anyone who was not white had to have lesser freedom, if any at all, because these non-white were seen as inferior and less fit for society. Even to this every day, many individuals try to discover the â€Å"scientific meaning† of race. These individuals want to argue that race in not (Omi and Winant 2014) â€Å"social, political, or economic determination† (p. 15) but instead race can be found within an individual’s underlying characteristics which can be identified through skin color or physical attributes. Omi and Winant further showed how race can be seen as a social concept as well. For example, they explained how many people in contemporary British politics use the term black to mean any nonwhites, which surprisingly has not lead to any retaliation by any people. As a matter of fact, some Asian and Afro-Caribbean youth are using the term for self identity. Omi and Winant explains this phenomenon as â€Å"racial formations† which refers to the (Omi and Winant 2014) â€Å"process of by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories, and by which they are shaped by racial meanings† (p.15). Omi and Winant also goes on to explain within everyday life, individuals tend to create racial identities for others. These preconceived thoughts are like expectations we give  ourselves about other races. These preconceived thoughts did not just occur over night, they are a result of the historical events that has occurred over time and still shape the way we think about other races to this very day. Constructing Race, Cheating, White Privilege Constructing Race, Creating White Privilege by Pem Davidson Buck illustrated from the beginning of European colonization, there was a sense of how white individuals granted themselves privileges that no other race could have. To keep these racial privileges separate, laws such as the one in 1691punished European women who married African Americans or Native American men. The white individuals were so driven to separate themselves from other races, that European men who had children with an African or Native American, or any slave for that matter, were not responsible for the children. This meant that African American or the Natives did not become wealthy and was done so that the white people did not feel threatened by other race’s power. Buck then goes on to say that (2014) â€Å"Whites had an equal interest in the maintenance of whiteness and white privilege, and that it was the elite† (pg.35). This meant that white supremacy was taught to others and thus engraved in their minds for years after. All this was created so that whites would have power over other races. Additionally, whites reserved the right to whip African Americans; however, it was illegal to whip white people. On top of this, African Americans were denied the right to having a family just because husbands could have authority for their wives and not their owners. Buck then goes into talks about Psychological Wage. Buck describes psychological wage as having a feeling of superiority for the poor whites because their whiteness made up for the terrible economic situation they were in. This sense of superiority further helped the rich whites because the poor had supported this separate racial system and thus the rich had control of labor and the economy.

Formulas for Celsius and Fahrenheit Conversions

Formulas for Celsius and Fahrenheit Conversions Fahrenheit and Celsius are two temperature measurements. Fahrenheit is most common in the United States, while Celsius is the norm in most other Western nations, though it is also used in the U.S. You can use tables that show common conversions  between Fahrenheit and Celsius and vice versa as well as online  converters, but knowing how to convert one scale to the other is important for obtaining accurate temperature readings. Formulas are the most common tools for conversions, but other methods allow you to do quick approximate conversions in your head. Understanding how the scales were invented and what they measure can make converting between the two a bit easier. History and Background Germany physicist  Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit  invented the Fahrenheit scale in 1724. He needed a way to measure temperature because he had invented the mercury thermometer 10 years earlier in 1714.  The Fahrenheit scale divides the freezing and boiling points of water into 180 degrees, where 32 F is the freezing point of water and 212 F is its boiling point. The Celsius temperature scale, which is also referred to as the centigrade scale, was invented several years later in 1741 by  Swedish astronomer  Anders Celsius.  Centigrade literally means consisting of or divided into 100 degrees:  The scale has 100 degrees between the freezing point (0 C) and boiling point (100 C) of water at sea level. Using Formulas To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, you can use two basic formulas. If you know the temperature in Fahrenheit and want to convert it to Celsius, first subtract 32 from the temperature in Fahrenheit and multiply the result by five/ninth. The formula is: C 5/9 x (F-32) where C is Celsius To clarify the idea, use an example. Suppose you have a temperature of 68 F. Follow these steps: 68 minus 32 is 365 divided by 9 is 0.5555555555555  Multiply the repeating decimal by 36Your solution is 20 Using the equation would show: C 5/9 x (F-32) C 5/9 x (68-32) C 5/9 x 36 C 0.55 x 36 C   19.8, which rounds to 20 So, 68 F is equal to 20 C. Convert 20 degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit to check your work, as follows: 9 divided by 5 is 1.81.8 multiplied by 20 is 3636 plus 32 68 Using the Celsius to Fahrenheit formula would show: F [(9/5)C] 32 F   [(9/5) x 20] 32 F [1.8 x 20] 32 F 36 32 F   68 Quick Approximation Method To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, you can also do a quick approximation of the temperature in Fahrenheit by doubling the temperature in Celsius, subtracting 10 percent of your result and adding 32. For example, suppose that you read that  temperature in a European city you plan to visit today is 18 C. Being used to  Fahrenheit, you need to convert to know what to wear for your trip. Double the 18, or  2 x 18 36. Take 10 percent of 36 to yield 3.6, which rounds to 4. You would then calculate: 36 - 4 32 and then add 32 and 32 to get 64 F. Bring a sweater on your trip but not a big coat. As another example, suppose the temperature of your European destination is 29 C. Calculate the approximate temperature in Fahrenheit as follows: 29 doubled 58 (or 2 x 29 58)  10 percent of 58 5.8, which rounds to 658 - 6 5252 32 84 The temperature in your destination city will be 84 F- a nice warm day: Leave your coat at home. A Quick Trick: Memorize Your 10 Blocks If accuracy is not critical, memorize the conversions from Celsius to Fahrenheit in increments of 10 C. The following table lists the range for the most common temperatures you might experience in many U.S. and European cities. Note that this trick only works for C to F conversions. 0 C - 32 F 10 C - 52 F 20 C - 68 F 30 C - 86 F 40 C - 104 F

My Views on Teen Auto Insurance essays

My Views on Teen Auto Insurance essays Auto insurance rates for teenage drivers in our community are unreasonable. The premiums are just too high. I know that I personally cannot afford the high premiums. I am still attending school, so I am only able to work part-time. I do not make nearly enough money to pay my own auto insurance and still be able to afford the everyday expenses. I believe insurance premiums are unreasonably high for teens because insurance companies base the rates on unjust factors, many teens cannot afford high rates, and teenage drivers are being stereotyped. I had called several auto insurance companies on the phone over the summer and received ridiculously high quotes. Allstate Auto Insurance company, for example, had given me a quote for as much as three hundred dollars a month. The quotes I received were not even for a newer model car. Then, I realized it was going to be quite difficult for me to maintain a car at this point and time. I would have to pay three hundred dollars a month for auto insurance alone. On top of that, I would have to pay a monthly car note which could possibly be just as high as the insurance. Insurance prices are already high but are subject to be even higher based factors that I do not think should matter as much as they do. The newer the car that is being insured, the more I should expect to pay. Two door cars are insured at a higher rate than four door cars because most two door cars are considered to be sports cars. The color of the car that is being insured would also raise the price I would pay for insurance. Red and black cars, for example, are colors that would cost me extra on my insurance because they are considered to be hot colors. At the Color Matters website, a researcher stated that red cars get in more accidents and receive more tickets. Black cars were found to have the second most. Whether I am male or female plays a role as well. Luckily for me, I ...

The Pluses and Minuses of Online Shopping Essay

The Pluses and Minuses of Online Shopping - Essay Example (Kenney, M. & Curry, J., 1999) But although this newfangled idea has gone this far, research on the subject of e-commerce and Internet marketing remains largely confined to the difficulties encountered by companies going online, including its advantages and disadvantages to them. An important aspect of the phenomenon yet to be fully explored is the sentiment and attitude of consumers toward online shopping. As attempts get underway to create the ultimate e-mall, the question may be asked: Are the consumers willing and ready to accept and patronize such a store in place of the shopping mall This research project will thus give a fresh look at Internet marketing from the perspectives of the consumers. It will seek to identify the advantages and disadvantages the consumers derive from online shopping, with the end in view of determining whether the marketing process helps promote consumer welfare and interests at all, the way the traditional stores do so. 9) In going to the regular stores, one has to contend with the traffic and pollution, spend for the thrift and search for a parking space that is often not there. Do these count as arguments for buying online instead Corporations, both established and new, are turning to the Internet to create new markets and reorganize existing markets. It began in 1990 when the US National Science Foundation approved the use of the Internet for non-academic uses. From only 5 million users in 1993, the figure jumped to 62 million in 1997 and 100 million in 1998. According to Internet provider Uumet Technologies, Internet traffic continues to double every 100 days that this has become "one of the fastest adoption rates any technology has ever experienced." (Yang, S., 2001) Worldwide, there could be 550 million users and a far greater number of .com sites. The latter websites are made up of companies engaged in online retail of all sorts of products and services. E-commerce is transforming the traditional retail industry. For this business sector, e-commerce is eliminating the costs of retail branches, thus lowering the initial entry costs and the fixed costs associated with retail stores. (Kenny, M. &

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business law - Essay Example The following are the people who were present during the court session Chief justice: I. Beverly Lake List of judges on the panel 1. Justice Sarah Parker 2. Justice Robert Orr 3. Justice Mark Martin 4. Justice Robert Edmunds 5. Justice George Wainwright 6. Justice G. K Butterfiel Bailiff: Corporal Mike Baker Various Attorneys were present during the session. The various functions of the people shortlisted above during the court session included: Bailiffs The main function of the bailiffs who were present in the room was to provide security. When they arrived at the court, they first ensured that the court room was clean. They checked for things that might have been hidden in the court, which might interfere with the security such as bombs or grenades. When people were checking into the court room, they conducted a search to ensure that no one entered the court room while armed. As the session moved on, they declared the entrance of judges in the courtroom and ordered that everyone st ands in honor of judges moving into the room. They also made sure that judges have case files and other supplies that they needed for their work. The bailiffs also apprehended anyone who tended to disrupt peaceful procedures of the court and ensured that there was no contact between the judges and the members of the public so as to enforce security. In addition, they were charged with the mandate of ensuring that people do not enter the court room when juries are giving instructions to the court. The last function that was performed by bailiffs was escorting the judges to places like restraints to keep their security after they are through with the session. Judges The panel of judges who were present in the court room had their first duty as listening to all that was said in the court room. Everyone in the court referred to the judge as â€Å"your honor† whenever they, as a matter of demonstrating respect to them. They listened carefully to whatever was said and compared it t o the law that they know with a purpose of understanding whether a crime has been committed or not. They were dressed in the court official robes meant for judges. Seated on an elevated seat that is referred to as a bench, the chief justice together with the other judges were able to control the whole courtroom and what went on. Attorneys Lawyers of each party were seated at the counsel table as the proceedings went on in the court room. They took turns when speaking to the judges and were keen not to interrupt the proceedings of the court when not allowed to speak. Whenever each lawyer was given time to speak, he or she presented facts that would have put the case at hand more favorable to them. The prosecutor who represented the government and society as a whole was also present within the court room. There were no defendants who were acting pro se in the cases that were being heard on that day. Witnesses They were concerned with giving facts about the case that was under dispute in the court room. They sat on the witness stand when they were giving out their testimonies and were asked questions by the other party that they were witnessing against. They were in most cases referred to as defense witnesses. Courtroom Deputy They were seated next to the judges and are tasked with the responsibility of administering oaths to witnesses and also marking the exhibits. They however assisted the judges in ensuring that the activities of the court ran smoothly. Court reporter They sat near the witnesses and their

Antebellum families and women generally(base on the book I list in Essay

Antebellum families and women generally(base on the book I list in details) - Essay Example He notes that the Celias defense questioned the role of the white man as the protector of women within southern society, analyzing the concept of male honor, a key factor of the Souths social system. It highlighted the plight of young female slaves who were sexually manipulated. The case had a major significance in that it created boundaries of slavery in Missouri. Celias story generally portrays a political and legal system that condoned rape and sexual abuse of female slaves in Antebellum families. In the 1800s, slavery became an ingrained economic and legal institution (Williamson and Cain, 1). In Antebellum families, owning slaves was prestigious, a measure of wealth. Bales notes that slaves cost around $40,000 in Antebellum at the time. Robert Newson viewed his slaves as a perfect reward for the years he had spent laboring (McLaurin, 8). Slaves were used and abused by their master, and Newton’s relations with Celia were no different. Newton raped his new slave on their trip home, an indication that he hoped to use her as a sexual tool following his wife’s death (McLaurin 18). Newton employed her as the house cook, a possible cover up of his sexual relations with Celia. She was exposed to continuous sexual exploitation by her master (McLaurin 22) who considered sexual relations with her his privilege (McLaurin 28-29). He granted her favors due to their sexual relationship. She owned her own cabin very close to the family house - a very rare occurrence in Antebe llum America. She bore two children, believed to be fathered by Newton. Slaves were regarded as insignificant. They were powerless and defenseless. Gordon-Reed (p.50) highlights the paradoxical role of sexual relations between masters and slaves, despite the stigma attached to slaves. When George, a fellow slave fell in love with Celia, he was so frustrated that he could not protect Celia from the man who owned them both (McLaurin 25). Slaves were their owners’ property. George and Celia were

Symbols of a Worn Path Essay Example for Free

Symbols of a Worn Path Essay Phoenix Jackson; an old negro woman that partakes on a journey to take medicine to her sick nephew that is off in another town. Phoenix is old and through the story there are many accounts that I think are symbolic to being of age. Being one with nature Phoenix Jackson is determined to travel through the forest to tend to her sick nephew. The story itself was full of symbols, some that where more noticeable then others. Phoenix’s face was said to look like a tree with burning glow under it. Pretty much saying she was one with nature, that she was in touch with the natural side of things. And her name is Phoenix which is the same name of the mythical Egyptian bird that lives for 500 years, and then dies but for 500 years it regenerates itself. Her name symbolizes in her old age she lives on. In her old age she is also in touch with nature as her tree trunk like face shows. There are many times she talks to the animals: â€Å"Out of my way, all you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons and wild animal! Keep out from under these feet, little bob-whites. Keep the big wild hogs out of my path. Don’t let none of those come running my direction. I got a long way†(1) as in touch she is with nature, there are many instances that the forest showed signs of death when she seen a buzzard sitting on a dead tree, then she seen a scare crow. That also represents death, but she ended up dancing with the scare crow like she was dancing around death. So far through the journey Phoenix came upon many different things. She even had a symbolic dream; which had her reaching for a marble cake from a young boy which symbolized her living for a longer period of time. It also had a simple reason, just her hallucinating because of old age. But along the way Phoenix came across a well that she drank from that meant longevity. A lot of the symbols in the story had to do with her age or death. Soon after she was done drinking from the spring, a black dog came at her growling which symbolizes death once again. She hit the dog and it ran away. After the encounter with the dog Phoenix stumbles in falls into a ditch. Where she douses off and has a dream of her reaching and nobody pulling her up. Which symbolizes God looking down at her but does not reach for her because it is not her time to go to Heaven. After she wakes up from her dream she gets out the ditch and comes across a white hunter with two growling dogs. In her whole Journey she had many encounters with symbols of death, but made it through the forest to get the medicine to her sick grandson. â€Å"Critical discussion of A Worn Path largely has been concerned with thematic interpretation of the work, particularly the storys racial, mythological, and Christian motifs.† (2) Sometimes even called a Christian pilgrimage, because of the times God is mentioned and how she is still holding on to life. And he going through that forest sacrificing herself could go back to the scarifies Jesus did. But even with those things in it, there were still symbols of the mythological creature. As Phoenix walked through the forest she struggled with bad vision and hallucinations but still made it to the hospital to help her grandson. â€Å"The combined effects of her old age, her poor vision, and her poetic view of the world heighten the lyricism and symbolism of the narrative.† (2) Which made the story more interesting to the readers. Every hardship had a different meaning, and brought her closer to her goal.

Antigone: A Woman Who Believes In The Power Of Women :: essays research papers

A Woman Who Believes In The Power of Women Scene I: The Trial Introduction At the law firm of Theban Associates, one of the lead partners is Antigone, she is a hard worker whose intentions usually consist of reaching a compromise between the government and her client. As a defense attorney, her line of work is quite demanding and difficult since she is a female working in a male dominated world. While being placed in this position, Antigone is able to appreciate how difficult things are for a woman in society, even in today's world. She realizes that regardless of the anti-gender bias laws that have been passed, society still views women as baby-machines and they are constantly degraded and viewed as inferior to man. Antigone's new client, Medea, is responsible for the brutal murder of her two children and of her husband's new bride to be. Although Antigone disagrees with Medea's actions, she takes the case because she feels that it is a way to show the world that even today, in the new millennium, women's actions are still measured harsher than those of men. In other words, Medea claims that she took drastic measures in order to retaliate against her husband for leaving her alone in the world, but it was the only way that she could truly finish him and make everyone think about they way the world is run today. When the case is taken to trial Antigone takes an excessive amount of criticism and beating from her friends and colleagues as well as the media. She is said to be inhuman and her prerogative to why she has chosen to defend this demand woman, Medea is questioned. In addition, her place in society as a prominent "female" attorney is disregarded because her moral and ethical values are questioned. Yet, despite these terrible things, Antigone holds her head up high and walks into the courtroom determined to defend her client as best she could. In this courtroom it is inexplicable to anyone how somebody could murder her own children to teach her husband a lesson, every individual has forgotten their oath and placed their own personal opinion into their work, including Judge Good. Before starting, Antigone turns to the Chorus for moral support. In reply they tell her to do her job as she has in the past, and to remember what is the true reason why she has decided to take this case.

Resume Example Essay

Objective: To obtain a challenging post at your reputable organization that will utilize both my educational background and professional experience to contribute to the organization’s noble and humanitarian goals and simultaneously provide excellent opportunities for career development and personal growth. An aspiring team worker, hard working and dedicated professional who wants to meet the challenges posed in the industry and to contribute towards the growth of the organization along with self-motivation. Work Experience: Export documentation (CMA CGM Shipping India Pvt Ltd, Chennai) (Apr 2012 to May 2013) – Functional Tasks * Prioritize keying of the Shipping Instructions based on ACI / AMS and Vessel Closure deadlines. * Ensure all Customer Requirements are followed as per Reference Guide / SOPs * Escalate any concerns and job-specific queries through the team Supervisor. * Only genuine queries are raised to the Area offices and simultaneously and moved to the pending folder. * Check the draft bill against the Shipping Instruction and make necessary corrections. * Ensure Accuracy and Turn time of bill is maintained as per standard * Achievement of targets based on set standards. – Reporting & Reviews * Record the daily productivity / count in Internal CMA CGM application. * Ensure daily count tallies with the weekly figure. * Ensure he/she is aware of his/her errors and takes constructive effort to reduce them. Quality Analyst (Source HOV, Chennai) (Aug 2011 to Mar 2012) * Functional task of preparing reports to the companies throughout of process, it involves their individual productivity, project standardization, TAT, SLA. Over all 18 projects had concentrated and prepared reports for company owned Citrix software and MS Excel. The reports are in Paratoo chart, Pie chart and mainly using MIS (Management Information System) Concepts to implement the quality analyzing structure Hands on experience in Workflow design and deployment. Additional Qualification: * English Typewriting Junior Grade. * Pursed CCNA, RHCE, CWNA training course in ICA computer education, Coimbatore. Educational Qualifications: * Master of Computer Applications (MCA) with an aggregate of 76% from Coimbatore Institute of Management and Technology, (Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore) in the year of 2008-2011. * Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) with an aggregate of 73% from SVN College, (Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai) in the year of 2005-2008. * Higher secondary education with an aggregate of 60% from M.N.U.J. N Hr. Sec. School, Madurai. * Secondary education with an aggregate of 64% from M.N.U.J.N Hr. Sec. School, Madurai. STRENGTH * Works well among team. * Positive Attitude. * Free to learn, quick learner.

Marketing of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai Essay

For the successful completion of our report, we would like to express our deep gratitude to all the people who give us help and advise. First and foremost, we are going to give our appreciation to Mr. Wang, the Assistant Sales Director of the Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai. He spent his personal time replying our email to answer our questions and gave us a lot of valuable information and instructions which keep our report going in the right direction. Secondly, we would like to thank our Marketing lecturer, Miss Medico, she provided us with many useful resources and guidance at every stage of writing the report. Clearly, we cannot finish this report smoothly without her help. Last but not least, we would like to thank all our friends for their suggestions and inspiring. Contents Introduction Nowadays, with the rapid development of the hospitality industry in Shanghai, more and more hotels are demanded and built that brings more fierce competition to the hotels. Whether a hotel could capture market share, the most important thing for the hotel is marketing strategies. Correct marketing strategies could make a hotel winning in the competition. Our report is written based on the research of the marketing actuality of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai and focused on analysing its marketing strategies to study how it promotes its product and services. The report is divided into three sections. In the first section, we introduce and give some detailed background information about the hotel including its history, stage in the lifecycle and the product and services the hotel is offering. In the second section, we identify the hotel’s target market and analyse their characteristic. In the last section, the information about the promotional tools or marketing strategies which the hotel is using are given related some examples. After that, it is the findings and analysis of the tools or strategies and our own opinions. Background of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai is invested by Shanghai Industrial Holdings Limited Company and managed by a very famous hotel brand, Four Seasons Hotels & Resorts. It is ideally located in the heart of Shanghai’s downtown, adjacent to Nanjing Road and Huaihai Road which are famous as the business, entertainment and shopping centers of Shanghai. It was built in October 2002. The internal and external design of the hotel is blended of Chinese and Western concepts to provide the guests special feelings. Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai has a total of 439 rooms. All of them are comfortably, elaborately decorated and well-equipped with modern guest amenities. The food and beverage products feature Chinese, Japanese and Western style. There are three restaurants, Si Ji Xuan, Shintaro and Steak House, offered three different types food to satisfy all kinds of the guests’ needs. In addition, Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai is well-known for many important events hold there cause the amazing ballrooms. Health & Fitness Center is including an indoor heated Swimming Pool, Gym, Steam Room, Sauna and Massage. The hotel provide the guests all kinds of services even some of them you cannot imagine! For example, the hotel provide couple guests the couples’ service which is including offering silky pyjamas, classic love stories on DVD and so on. Anyway, the hotel think of everything the guests may need and offer it before guests asking. Therefore, a lot of guests are attracted to stay Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai to have a unforgettable experience. The Lifecycle Stages of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai As a modern city hotel, Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai does not have a long history. But only for one decade developing, it has successfully acquired its a mount of fixed customer groups of business leaders, political leaders and super stars. It is inseparable from the adaptable marketing strategies used during different lifecycle stages of the hotel. According to the research they did, there was few Chinese knew Four Seasons Hotels and resorts before Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai built cause that Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai is the first Four Seasons Hotel in Chinese Mainland. So during initial developing stage, the primary tasks for its marketing are target market positioning and brand promoting which purpose to build reputation, create the right image of hotel and introduce the product and services to the target market. Through the extension in initial stage, a basic sales network are built and the hotel turns into growth stage. In this stage, the hotel increases spending on advertising, sales promoting and public relations to improve reputation, image and guest loyalty. Now, Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai is in Maturity stage due to the favorable accumulation of capital and customer groups in initial and growth stages. The operations are on the right track; the market occupancy and profit level are quite high and the product and services are competitive. Therefore, the current work for them are seeking more wide target market and keeping the guest loyalty already gained. Target Market By accurately positioning target market, the hotel could better determine how many potential guests they have; adjust their product and services to preferably satisfy guests’ needs and draft their marketing strategies appropriately. ï ¼Ë†Data offered by Marketing Department of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai, 2012ï ¼â€° According the data which shows the proportions of six different types guests offered by Mr. Wang, we create the pie chart above to make the data intuitional. It shows that Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai’s main target market consists of corporate guests, convention guests, government guests and travelers in 2011. The special location of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai is the biggest reason for that corporate guests are the first target market. It is located in the CBD where are full of the top 500 Global enterprises such as Exxon Mobil, Morgan Stanley and Pepsi. So there are many business leaders visiting this area. The second target market is convention guests who always look for the hotels have excellent meeting rooms with large space and various modern meeting equipments. Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai is exactly the one can offer all the things they are looking. There are twelve meeting rooms separated into four different size to satisfy all kinds of guests’ needs. The owner of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai, Shanghai Industrial Holdings Limited Company, is established by Shanghai Government. As the most luxury hotel of its industries, Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai are always used for entertaining officials. So the government guests is a big part of target market. In addition, a lot of travelers particularly the leisure travelers select Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai for their stays in Shanghai. The various leisure and entertainment facilities such as Health & Fitness Center, Spa and Club, provide them with relaxed and comfortable experience. Moreover, the wonderful food and beverage product and service is another reason for their visit. The Promotion Mix of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai As a member of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts which is one of the most famous and successful hotel groups all over the world, Four Season Hotel Shanghai concluded many effective and efficient marketing strategies to make itself survived from such a competitive condition. Advertising Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually paid for & usually persuasive in nature, about products (goods & services) or ideas by identified sponsor through various media. ( Arens, 2010) Publishing pamphlets and magazines Like other hotels, Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai usually promotes its products and services by publishing pamphlets and magazines. The different kinds of magazines can reach different groups of readers. † We just select the magazines which can reach our target markets to promote our products. Determining the way of advertising based on the target markets makes the advertisement more effective and spending less.† ( Wang, 2012) But pamphlets are used more widely than magazines in Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai. Because it can reach and promote more directly to the guests who even have lived in the hotel. For example, during Mid-Autumn Day, the hotel elaborately prepares all kinds of moon cakes for guests. While moon cakes are ready for selling, the Marketing Department designs a pamphlet for promoting the moon cakes and publish the pamphlets. Then the pamphlets appear to everywhere guests could reach. Guests can see it at reception when they are doing check-in or check-out; they can see it on the bed when they arriving the room and on the table of restaurant when they are eating. How big the effects could be by promoting in this way! Online advertising Nowadays, marketing and advertising have been much affected by technology. Online advertising exactly is a outcome of the effect. There are many types of online advertising such as ads on search engine pages, email advertising and banner advertising. Four Season Hotel Shanghai is using the search engine advertising now. The ads of Four Season Hotel Shanghai are delivered on the search results pages of BAIDU which is the biggest search engine in China. Therefore, when people searching some key words related to † hotels in Shanghai† or † restaurants in Shanghai†, the link of official website appears on the right side of the results pages. if people are interested and click the link, page will jump to the official website to make them could reserve the rooms or restaurants. The online advertising communicates much widely and costs lowly. And the effects of advertising can be gathered statistics. Public Relations † Public relations is the technique of communicating favorable information about the operations to the public to create a positive impression. Its ultimate purpose is to create goodwill and increase the number of guests.† (Jack D.Ninemeier, 2010) †Public relations is a strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics.† ( PRSA, 2011) So the key to the success of your operation is creating good relations to the guests, local communities, governments and media. Communicating with public by Internet Today, hotels including Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai try to communicate with public by Internet. Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai is using a way called WEIBO which is the most popular social communication tool in China now. The functions of WEIBO are uploading words or pictures or videos to show some fresh informations about the hotel, such as the new promotions, new facilities or products, upcoming events and something else could improve reputation, image and guest loyalty. What’s more, the guests can leave comments to the hotel no matter if they are satisfied and the hotel can reply the comments. That’s an amazing way to communicate and interact with guests even cost nothing. Participate in public service Participating in the social and sponsored public service is an opportunity to improve the social impact and reputation of hotel and win the understanding and praise from the public. On April 28th 2011, to make a long-term commitment to global sustainability, the employees of Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai began a tree-planting campaign to contribute to the company’s 10 Million Trees initiative. With the support of Children Health Foundation and Oriental Land, the Hotel’s tree-planting campaign fund will be donated to help Chinese children who suffer from congenital malformations and heart disease.† Our employees in Shanghai are inspired by and fully involved in the company’s commitment to global sustainability.† ( Peter Weber, 2011) Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai enters its ninth year with its original pioneering spirit, setting an example of corporate social responsibility and renewing its commitment to improving the lives of children. ( Hotel News, 2011) Sales Promotion Sales Promotion consists of short-term incentives to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service. It includes a variety of promotional tools designed to stimulate earlier or stronger market response. ( Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism, 2010) Hotel packages promotion As the first competitive factor in guests’ mind, the price always plays an important role in sales promotion. For hotel packages promotion, the price of package is lower than the total price of the products or services with the same qualities included in the package. So hotel packages promotion strongly stimulates the purchase desire of guests and used widely in various types hotels. Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai designs all kinds of packages for various target markets. For instance, the Romantic Wedding Package is prepared specially for the newlywed holding their wedding in the hotel. To leave a lifetime of memories to the newlywed, Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai sets a specially designed ice carving in the ballroom to match the wedding theme. Then during wedding time, the hotel will prepare a champagne tower and a wedding cake which could create a happy wedding atmosphere. After the wedding, a couples spa treatment at Qin Spa is ready for the newlywed to relax. If the newlywed prefer to stay in the hotel for their wedding night, a romantic decoration suite is free for them including a breakfast for two people the following morning. Another amazing thing is that Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai provides the newlywed a gift certificate to celebrate their first anniversary in a restaurant at the hotel chosen by themselves. Anyway, Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai offers various packages for different target markets to satisfy their needs. Discount To attract more guests, discount is the way most direct and acceptable. But it is different from other hotels that Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai nearly never use discount to promote their products even in the off season. As Mr. Wang said, Four Season Hotels and Resorts is one of the most luxury and famous hotel brands in the world and target markets for them are the leaders of business and political circles and super stars but not the middle class or less level. The low price is not the primary reason for their target markets to make their choice cause they do not want to see so many middle class or less level people around them in the hotel. Instead, no discount is another way to attract more high level people. And for Four Seasons, there are actually some things more important than revenue like the reputation and loyalty of target market. Conclusion The report explained some information which is necessary to know for Four Season Hotel Shanghai. As a world class hotel, Four Season Hotel Shanghai has gained high reputation since it was built . To maintain the status and revenue level, promoting the products from various channels and ways to improve and expand public relations and strengthen the products’ promotion is very important for the future development of Four Season Hotel Shanghai. Although its reputation have covered all over world, it must keep working hard on marketing in order to attract and retain the guests. Moreover, doing the programs for public good and communicating with guests are very ideal promotional tools also are useful to improve favorable image for Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai. Reference Cultural China.com. (2008). Four Seasons Hotel [online]. Available at: . [Last accessed on 12.03.2012] Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. (2012). Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai [online]. Available at: . [Last accessed on 12.03.2012] Hotel News. (2011). Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai Participates in 10 Million Trees Campaign [online]. Available at: . [Last accessed on 13.03.2012] Sohu Weibo. (2012). Four Seasons Hotel Shanghai [online]. Available at: . [Last accessed on 13.03.2012] Nolo.com. (2012). Define a Target Market for Your Business [online]. Available at: . [Last accessed on 14.03.2012] Wikipedia.org (2012). Online Advertising [online]. Available at: . [Last accessed on 14.03.2012] Mark A. Rosso & Bernard J. Jansen, 2010, ‘ Brand Names as Keywords in Sponsored Search Advertising’, CAIS, vol.27. Rocco M. Angelo & Andrew N. Vladimir, 2011, Hospitality Today. 7th Edition, AH&LA. Philip Kotler, John T. Bowen & James C. Makens, 2010, Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism. 5th Edition, Pearson. Ninemeier, J, 2005, Management of Food and Beverage Operations. 5th Edition, AH&LA. John Wilmshurst & Adrian Mackay, 2002, The Fundamentals and Practice of Marketing. 4th Edition. Woburn, MA, Butterworth. 4th Edition, Butterworth – Heinemann.

“Volcanic and Seismic Events Are Major Pieces of Evidence Towards Proving That the Plate Tectonic Theory Is Valid” Discuss the Extent to Which You Agree with This Statement (40). Essays

â€Å"Volcanic and Seismic Events Are Major Pieces of Evidence Towards Proving That the Plate Tectonic Theory Is Valid† Discuss the Extent to Which You Agree with This Statement (40). Essays â€Å"Volcanic and Seismic Events Are Major Pieces of Evidence Towards Proving That the Plate Tectonic Theory Is Valid† Discuss the Extent to Which You Agree with This Statement (40). Essay â€Å"Volcanic and Seismic Events Are Major Pieces of Evidence Towards Proving That the Plate Tectonic Theory Is Valid† Discuss the Extent to Which You Agree with This Statement (40). Essay â€Å"Volcanic and seismic events are major pieces of evidence towards proving that the plate tectonic theory is valid† Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement (40). The theory of plate tectonics explains the structure and motion of the Earth’s lithosphere. The theory states that the Earth’s crust is split into large sections called tectonic plates, and these move relative to one another creating boundaries at which the plates converge, diverge or move past each other. These plates are either continental or oceanic and are powered by convection currents, which is the circular movement of magma that comes from within the mantle. These currents are powered by the core, which heats the magma, causing it to rise, cool and fall back down. This circular motion causes the plates, which float on the mantle, to move. In 1912, Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, was the first man to state that the continents were once joined in a super continent called Pangaea, conversely he couldn’t explain why and what happened to cause the plates to move apart. He based his theory on the extraordinary fit of the South American and African continent coastlines. Notably the eastern edge of South America and the western edge of Africa showed very similar geological features suggesting that at some point in the Earth’s history the landmasses were joined together. Another indicator that the continents were once distributed differently was geological evidence of glaciations in India – it is unlikely that glaciers could ever reach such low latitudes, but this problem can easily be explained by the theory of continental drift. Fossil distribution also provided some of the earliest evidence for plate tectonics. Interestingly, plant and animal fossils were found on the matching coastlines of South America and Africa. These are now widely separated by the Atlantic Ocean, therefore he reasoned that is physically impossible for most of these organisms to have swum or have been transported across the wide oceans. From this he suggested that the plates were once connected. Unfortunately, at the time of Wegner’s work many of the geophysical tools that are used today did not exist making the theory much more difficult to support. Since the original theory in 1912, newer evidence has appeared which supports the theory. In 1962 Hess studied the age of rocks around the mid-Atlantic ridge. He discovered that the newest rocks were closest to the ridge and the oldest were towards the USA and Caribbean. He therefore reasoned that the earth’s crust was expanding along the oceanic ridges, so it must be shrinking elsewhere. According to Hess, the Atlantic Ocean was expanding while the Pacific Ocean was shrinking. The old oceanic crust was consumed in the trenches causing new magma to rise and erupt along the spreading ridges to form a new crust. He explained why the earth doesn’t get bigger with sea floor spreading and why there is so little sediment accumulation on the ocean floor, and why oceanic rocks are so much younger than continental ones. Paleomagnetism is one of the strongest pieces of evidence for plate tectonic theory and was developed to convince scientists of the theories validity. Basalt lava forms volcanoes when it rises to the surface, cools and then forms land. When new crust is formed certain minerals align themselves with the Earth’s magnetic field. Fascinatingly, new technology has shown that the magnetic field of the Earth is known to reverse every few hundred thousand years. So this implies new material is constantly being produced and the sea floor is spreading. However, as the Earth is not changing in size, material is being destroyed in other areas which are called subduction zones, and the position of the Earth’s crust must be constantly changing. Seismic activity can also tell us a great deal about plate tectonics. Plotting the locations of large earthquakes allows us to see where they most frequently occur. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. The plates move past each other which causes friction causing pressure to build up resulting in sudden jolts. This only happens on plate boundaries meaning areas that lie on them experience the most intense earthquakes. The fact that earthquakes appear in connected lines as opposed to clusters is good evidence for the theory of global plate tectonics. Volcanic events are also useful as they provide good evidence for the theory of plate tectonics. Similarly to earthquakes, plotting the locations of active volcanoes on a map of the world will also be useful as it will show a similar pattern. The three main places where volcanoes are created are at subduction zones, constructive plate boundaries and in hotspots, with around 75% of the world’s volcanoes being located on the ‘Pacific Ring of Fire’. The area where two plates converge is called a subduction zone, here one plate is pushed underneath the other due to differing in density. This results in magma rising up to form volcanoes or volcanic island arcs. At constructive plate boundaries, new material is created by magma rising through the crack. The fact that volcanoes in certain areas have different types of eruption provides good evidence for plate tectonic theory. All the above reasons suggest that the theory is valid. However, there are some anomalies which go against the theory. Not all volcanoes occur on plate boundaries, some occur on hotspots which are areas where the mantle is particularly hot, causing it to rise and create volcanoes on the crust above. This suggests that plate tectonics theory may not be valid as volcanoes can exist without the theory being correct. Hawaii is a notable example of an active hotspot – the islands are volcanic yet lie in the middle of the Pacific plate. It is part of a chain of extinct volcanic islands in the Pacific Ocean which decrease in both age and size as you move north-west. Since the hotspot is created by the underlying mantle this suggests that the crust is moving over this hotspot meaning the volcanoes eventually become extinct and eroded away. Since Wegener’s first theory, there is now a great deal of evidence to support the theory of plate tectonics. Seismic and volcanic events can provide lots of evidence to support the theory, although much of it requires tools which were not available when the theory was first developed such as accurate methods of mapping earthquakes. This made it difficult to prove the theory of plate tectonics as there were no hard facts. Although others may disagree, there are large amounts of evidence to prove the theory and so in my opinion the theory is a valid method.