King Lear: A Tragedy Essay

In Shakespeare’s, â€Å"King Lear† the structure and elements of tragedy help develop the theme of greed throughout the play. In the first act of the play the reader is introduced to a proble, King Lear is getting old and when he passes away he doesn’t want his three daughters fighting for his kingdom. King Lear decided to play a game with them asking them â€Å"Tell me, my daughters, which of you loves us most, that we may place. Our largest bounty with the largest merit.† The King is playing a very selfish game with his daughters he wants them to tell him how much they love him. Goneril and Regan go along with his game because they both are power hungry and want the biggest part of the kingdom. They even lie to Lear and tell him that they love him more than anything, even more than their husbands. Both sisters are power hungry and selfish willing to put power before the truth. Unlike their youngest sister Cordelia, she refused to lie to her father and to ld him she loved him how any child should love their father. King Lear was angered by this and disowned her vanishing her from the kingdom. Lears actions showed how greedy he was with his daughters love and he wanted to make sure that they spoke his love for him out loud. An element of tragedy that appears in the play is peripeteia. This is shown when King Lear goes from being a powerful king to not being wanted by either of his daughters. Lear first arrived at Goneril place with his 100 man, although Goneril says†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Is most unseemly: hourly they break out In quarrels, bred by their unbounded riots..† Goneril doesn’t want Lear to have that many servants because she is afraid that she they will take over and over real her and she doesn’t’ want that because she wants to keep her power. Later King Lear goes to Regan’s palace but she doesn’t want him either. Both sisters have made up a plan to overrule Lear and make sure he doesn’t go back to ruling again. Goneril and Regan both are power hungry and are willing to pick power over family. Lear went from having all the love of his two daughters to being rejected by them in a series of tragic events. In the last act of the play the reader experiences catharsis, Goneril poisons Regan and later feels the guilt so she kills herself. Cornelia is hung and King Lear dies from the news, The deaths of the family show how throughout the book they every member of the Lear family was driven by greed, except for Cornelia. The audience sees what happened to a family full of greed and that was power driven. In the end no one wins the tragedy takes over. The last act (V) is the closing of the play it shows the results of the events that had occur.

Descriptive

Mikala Williams Writing Sample Word Count: 469 On the campus of the University of Maryland Eastern Shore there are a plethora of beautiful buildings that signify greatness. The architecture of the buildings is brilliant and gives the campus a sense of exquisiteness. The thoughts that go through the minds of incoming freshman could only be about what there roommate will be like, if they will be able to manage their classes and so on. The living conditions in the dorms are respectable and are suitable for any residential student.But not only is the atmosphere of a campus highly anticipated by incoming freshman, housing and dorms are also apart of the excitement. As a freshman here at UMES, I was assigned to live in a building known as University of Terrace, on the third floor. The dorm is an all girl freshman dorm and is located on the farthest end of the entire campus, getting to classes is quite a walk. Because â€Å"UT† is newest dormitory on campus, it was built away from th e buildings where most classes are held. The dorms are almost perfect in size, not too small or too large.The more space the more miscellaneous things that would become clutter. A bathroom, which isn’t exactly what I’d call home, connects two rooms. First opening the wooden door and pushing the metal handle down, it was cold and didn’t have a â€Å"homey† feeling. Surrounded by white brick walls floored with flattened carpet that seems to go with almost any color. As far as a working space, it’s pretty simple. It includes a basic wooden desk and cushioned chair under it. Once I unpacked and â€Å"spiced up the place† a bit, the room didn’t look too bad.As with every housing building there are rules to be abide by and upheld. My building’s Residential Assistant, better known as RA’s, made it apparent that all residences are required to follow the rules and procedures. Every Tuesday, RA’s conduct weekly room inspect ions, to make sure that residences adhere to keeping the bathrooms and rooms clean and neat. Another great facet of the dorm is that the air-conditioning and heating systems work wonderfully. Although, there are some defects with the dorm regulations.As ar as visitation hours are concerned residence cant just have anyone the rooms. Male visitors can only stay until 2a. m. , but female visitors can stay for three nights in a row. All in all, the housing at UMES is generally a great experience. It’s not too much of a problem that the visitation hours aren’t that great, but that would be a great asset to living in UT. In regard to great assets, the conditions are livable and as long as maintained, that aspect should remain. Even though there are some downsides to staying in the halls, overall the experience is a good one, indeed. Descriptive Shaun Bankston Chris Chandler English 101-526 Descriptive Essay 27 September 2012 The Greatest Sport in the World American NFL football is the greatest sport in the world. Many would ask why I think this. The Gridiron as we all know it is a very magnificent, strategic, and violent sport. Football can easily catch the unknowing eye of anybody. American football is the greatest sport in the world because of the tailgating, my personal opinion, and the strategy of the game.Through rain or shine, day or night, hail or sleet it really doesn’t matter what the weather is to tailgate. No matter what Mother Nature throws at tailgaters, tailgating is all about having fun. A great NFL stadium tailgate is a slight to behold. Tailgating also offer unhealthy, fatty, and grilled food in its godly goodness. People tend to bring elephant size tents with multiple fat screen televisions when tailgating. The only thing on tailgaters minds are football and partying.Tailgaters can even play footbal l with complete strangers and have their own Tailgating Bowl. The majority of American NFL football games are played on Sunday’s. My anticipation for Sunday NFL games is like a kid waiting to open up his presents on Christmas morning. My first time being inside the New Orleans Superdome which is now the Mercedes-Benz Superdome is one of the greatest feelings ever. The crowds were always loud, sounding like twenty eight wheelers revving up at the same damn time.Looking over the saints’ fans can be described as a black and gold sea. The feeling of being at an American NFL football game is like nothing else in the world. It’s like your parents buying you that brand new car you always wanted for your 18th birthday. American Football in my eyes is the most exciting sport in the world. Nearly every football fan thinks he or she can coach a NFL team. No other sport requires so much thinking. Football is a game of strategy and tactics. There are plays and counter-plays, rather than players running themselves illy for 90 minutes straight. Football is like Violent Chess. It's a smart and hard-hitting game, a combination that other sports lack. Due to the NFL tailgating, my personal opinion, and the strategy of the game, Football is the greatest sport on the planet. Football has a lot to offer. What I mean by that is it teaches kids about working as a team and can also teach leadership as well as discipline. Which nowadays is a tough lesson to teach? That in its self is the biggest reason why this sport is so great.

The San of the Kalahari Desert

The San of the Kalahari Desert The San also known as â€Å"Bushmen† are one of the well-known foraging and hunting communities. They have made the Kalahari Desert located in Southwest Africa their home for many years. These communities are called bands that consist of multifamily groups with a size ranging from 25 to 50 people. â€Å"Family, marriage, and kinship, gender, and age are the key principles of social organizations in foraging societies† (Nowak & Laird, 2010. Section 3. 7). In this paper you will have a brief understanding of the kinship system of the San Tribe, as well as how their environment influences their behavior and interactions. The nuclear family would consist of a mother, father and their children. This family is considered the most common in the foraging societies because they are able to adapt to various conditions. Bands are made up of several multifamily groupings such as nuclear families. It is very important how these families are related because it will determine how they will act towards each other. The bands will sometime include extended family members which will be beneficial in circumstances such as cooperation and sharing amongst the community. Both men and women work together to provide for the community as a whole. Women are responsible for 80% of the san diet (Nowak & Laird, 2010). Women are the primary gathers; their diet is consisting mostly of nuts and fruit. The men are responsible for 20% of the diet. They provide meat from their hunts. The women are able to gather enough food that will last a full week in two to three days. They can enjoy each other’s company the rest of the time. The men and women work together by mentioning areas of vegetation or animals they may come across on their gathering and hunting trips. The good and services produced by the men and women are shared amongst the community. They rely on each other for the gathering and hunting of food. Everyone’s participation is very important. There is an unspoken promise on the exchange of the goods and services. This is called reciprocity, â€Å"a mutual, agreed-upon exchange of goods and services. Reciprocity works well n a society in which food items need to be consumed quickly due to spoilage† (Nowak & Laird, 2010. Section 3. 3). Foragers have to stay mobile, so there is no room for stock piles of food or goods. Everything has to be used immediately; there is no need for storage because they can always get what they need from the environment. This type of reciprocity would be generalized, there are no expectations for nothing in return, in due time everything will work it- self out. The men are not always successful in their hunts but when they are the meat is prepared and distributed throughout the community. This will also be the same for the food that comes from the gatherings that the women go on as well. This insures that everyone is fed and that both men and women do not have to look for food every day. Everyone takes their turns in providing for the entire band. These interactions promote close bonds and social ties. They are not only sharing with just their neighbors but these are also their kin, no one is an unfamiliar person in these communities. In the San Tribe no one is of more value to another. Since everyone shares everything it leaves little room for jealousy. As in our society, we do not forage, we can pretty much walk in any store and purchased pre-prepared food and goods. There is little thought put into where our food will come from or where we live. The most important thing for us would be making sure we have the funds to be able to do the things that we would like to and purchase the things that we absolutely need. We focus on the needs of our immediate family such as our partners, children and parents vs. considering our communities. I feel that in our society most people are for self only. No one is really willing to help each other no more. I believe that if we had kinship systems in placed things would be a lot better. We could all come together and be there for each other. Making sure everyone has something and no one is left without. There are services shared among my neighbors such as lawn services, babysitting and clothing. We do these things for each other never expecting anything in return. References Nowak, B. & Laird, P. (2010) Cultural Anthropology. Retrieved from https://content. ashford. edu/books/AUANT101. 10. 2/sections/sec3. 7 (EBOOK) https://content. ashford. edu/books/AUANT101. 10. 2/sections/sec3. 3 (EBOOK)

Research a Healthcare Facility along with a Information System (IS) Paper

A Healthcare Facility along with a Information System (IS) used at this facility - Research Paper Example In other words, the facility serves a population of close to 1.5 million per year. The number of licensed beds as of 2006 is 2,700: patient care as of 2006 was as follows; the annual inpatient admissions were 145,000, annual inpatient days were 733,000, annual outpatient visits was 1,050,000 and the annual home health visits was 233,000 (MedStar, 2007). Programs and services offered by MedStar Health include adult day services, after hours care, cancer services, cardiac services, clinical trials and research, diabetes and endocrinology, executive health services, home care, international services, MedStar Partners Business Diversity Program, MedStar pharmacy, MedStar sportshealth, mental health services, nursing home, orthopedics, outpatient services, RadAmerica – Radiation therapy, rehabilitation, retirement residence, and women’s services (MedStar Health, 2011). The users of health information in MedStar constitute physicians, ancillary staff, IT professions, and pharmacists. The health information revolves around these individuals. In order to meet the requirements of MedStar Health professionals and also reduce the resources and costs needed to run an international healthcare organization, the health facility adopted a hospital information system called Microsoft Amalga (also known as Azyxxi) (Microsoft Corporation, 2008). MedStar has a network of hospitals and other healthcare services; in order to have a glimpse of how users access health information, Washington Hospital Center will be used. MedStar Health is on the move of adopting Electronic Medical Records (EMR) or Electronic Health Records (EHR). Currently, Washington Hospital Center is using both paper records and electronic records. A big challenge to the implementation is the inability to share information with other electronic records systems (Washington

Society & Bullshit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Society & Bullshit - Essay Example As bullshit does not reject the authority of truth, it has a power to pose as truth thus captivating the society. In this manner, it is a bigger enemy of the society than lie (Noah, 2005). A democratic and civilized society being aware of its basic right of truth and justice expects its country’s political disclosure to be based on them. It is important for the political discourse of the country to rely on truth so that the citizens are correctly aware of every situation concerned with their country. Lying, misrepresenting and bullshitting the nation will not only misguide it but would also hinder the society’s growth (McCormack, 2005). In the recent years, the U.S political discourse has become all about misrepresentation, falsifying the truth and lying. The dealings of recent governments depict that there is no place for truth in today’s political culture. President Bush era is a real and proven example of government lies and misrepresentation to the public. His lies and deceits have increased public mistrust in the government. It looks as if today’s political discourse is least concerned with truth seeking and providing it to the public (Arendt, 2009). One of the most famous examples of bullshit in the recent history of U.S political discourse is of President Bush State of the Union address in 2003. Financial Times reported this that the famous war justifying 16 words in the President’s address ("The British government has learned that Saddam Hussein recently sought significant quantities of uranium from Africa")  (Noah, 2005) were bullshit. Use of word â€Å"learned† rather than â€Å"concluded† signifies these words as bullshit. Although these words might be true, but they were bullshit as at the time of making this statement the president and his staff did not have evidence to support their claim, so they were bullshitting (Noah, 2005). These 16

Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) - Essay Example The clear-cut linkage between ASD in these instances notwithstanding, the causes of ASD remain unclear in higher than 90% of all instances, but in the current studies, a lot of focus is directed to proving the genetic linkages by identifying the specific genes allied to autism. Meanwhile, in the absence of concrete genetic evidence for autism, documented empirical data concerning autism cases provides a basis for the estimation of recurrence risk, which has been found to be about 5% when only one child in a family is affected but considerably higher than that to about 25% when more than one child is affected. Rate of recurrence risk is also determined by sex of the foetus because a male foetus has been found to be about 3-4 times more likely to develop autism than a female foetus; in this respect, the recurrence risk in accordance to sex is about 2% for a female foetus but close to 8% for a male foetus. In understanding the etiology of ASD, professionals in the field of medicine have proposed several theoretic frameworks; for instance, Gerrad and Rugg 2009 propose the development of a standardized framework for analysing autistic characteristics to facilitate the identification of subgroups and the location of biological markers for genetic variation (Gerrad and Rugg 2009, p.1449). The two also support the neuroconstructivist model that contends that peripheral sensual defects interrupt compilation of complex skills, influence synapto-genesis, synaptic pruning and myelination, and manifests themselves as autistic conducts. Of all the cognitive-developmental disorders, autism is perhaps the most clearly genetically determined and by combining universal rates of autism and sibling recurrence, there emerges a simple genetic model that categorizes... This essay stresses that Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) represents a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that manifest in infants less than 3 years of age and lasts for a lifetime; autistic children present with impairments in social interaction, communication and repetitive patterns of behaviour. Cases of infantile autism are prevalent in the world today with males being overrepresented with a rate of sibling recurrence risk that is nearly 4 to 5 times higher than females in families. The etiological foundation of autism is highly elusive to clinicians in the world, but the genetic explanation prevalent in current research is attributable to the observations that the rate of recurrence of autism in the siblings of autistic individuals is much higher than the rate of recurrence in the general population. This paper makes a conclusion that one of the most influential theoretic models in existence insofar as autism is concerned, the neuroconstructivist model, posits that compilation of complex skills, synapto-genesis, synaptic pruning and myelination are disrupted by peripheral sensory abnormalities. In the educational settings, autistic children mainly struggle with communication and social interaction problems, with difficulties particularly in both verbal and non-verbal communication, in addition to the ability to interact with peers in leisure or play activities. Autistic children present a myriad of challenges to educational settings because unlike neurotypical children, autistic children require special interventions.

The Human Life Cycle Stages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Human Life Cycle Stages - Essay Example The human being begins as a single cell is achieved after the fertilization between a female cell and a male cell. As the human cells specialize and duplicate into parts of the body, this period takes nine months in a woman after then the infant is born (Bellamy 42). This stage is different from the fact that before the infant is born a woman has to nine months because there are some infants who are born with seven, eight and others nine months. The infants who are born with less than nine months appear to have problems mentally, physically while others continue with the associated problems throughout their lifetime. In the real sense, the greatest percentage does not survive, and if they do their lifespan is not that long (Rufus). Infancy is the second stage in life after which the baby is totally dependent upon his or her parents for food, movement from one place to another, bathing, and of course changing. The infant is referred to as the troublesome toddler. In this stage, proper protection is given to the baby since this is the time the infant will develop some sounds (Kalman 34). On the other hand, the infant can be born after the normal nine months, but the infant will take a long time without the development of any sound. Biologically this is due to disabilities which originate from the growth of the infant, where in some cases the infant ends up stammering, late development of the sound or never develops any of the sounds in his or her full lifetime (Bogin 68). Childhood is the next step in the infancy where the child is in the ages between 3 to 10 years. This is the stage that the child runs how to make some movements from one place to another, development of teeth, and development in the growth of body size. The brain starts developing since the child can now play with objects, other children can run and can make decisions over certain issues, which he or she comes across (Bobbie 78). The stage is characterized by the complete pronunciation of the words and then the child is taken to school for the advancement of knowledge.  

Embedded Systems and Drives Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Embedded Systems and Drives - Lab Report Example The following code blocks show the implementation of the project. The codes as explained in the comment box. Â  For this exercise, each node was to be identified as an 8-bit code. Four bits compromised of a system code which is all from the same number while the other four bits were used to identify a node within the system. Â  For the condition, from if (sysIdS== sysId), is that the value received for system matches the value set for the system, nodeId check is true, and is within value of 0 to 16 in terms of arrays, then the condition is True, then the commands with the curly braces are therefore executed. For this case, the immediate action is to display date, temperature, Humidity etc. Â  for (int m = 0; m < array_size; m++) The for command, in this, defines a variable called m and gives this variable an initial value of 0. The text m < array_size appears after the semicolon. This is the representation of the condition required in staying within the loop. Therefore in other words, when m is less than array_size, things inside with the curly brackets will repeat. Â  The project implementation started with the identification of the required variables. The variables were then declared, with their relevant libraries also called. To ensure that the 16-nodes are identified, each node was declared as an integer, and assigned a name. The blocks of codes are explained in the comment box. The comment section explains why certain codes were used in a given section of the program. The transmitter and receiver snapshots are also provided.

Critically discuss why it has proved so difficult to curb child labour Essay

Critically discuss why it has proved so difficult to curb child labour - Essay Example Even with the implementation of laws within the local and international setting seeking to manage and reduce child labour incidents, this issue has remained a major problem. This essay shall now critically discuss why it has proved difficult to curb the child labour problem. An overview of the child labour problem will first be presented followed by issues and challenges relating to child labour. Possible proposals and recommendations to curb child labour will also be presented in this essay. Body About 246 million children are said to be involved in child labour according to the UNICEF1. About 20% of these children also work under very dangerous, unhealthy, and unsafe conditions, including work in mines, work with chemicals in agriculture, and working with hazardous machines2. Cases of child labour are also very extensive, covering various countries, and being subjected to different conditions, including work in their own homes. A good majority of these children are in the agricultu ral setting. There are also millions of young female children working as household helpers, often open to exploitation as well as abuse. Millions more are exposed to unfavourable conditions as they are subjected to trafficking, debt payments, slavery, child soldiering3, and prostitution4. Estimates indicate how Asia and the Pacific area have the biggest number of child labourers as young as 5 years to 14 years. Sub-Saharan Africa has about 48 million child labourers with Latin America and the Caribbean having about 17.4 million child labourers5. Fifteen percent of children in the Middle East and North Africa are also working with about 2.5 million and 2.4 million children subjected to work for developing and developing states6. This problem will likely continue to escalate and worsen in the years following due to the current unfavourable conditions present in these countries where child labour statistics are high. Child labour is very much related to rural activities. In Pakistan fo r example, close to 70% of their working children are carrying out agricultural works7. The young boys would likely be involved than girls in child labour and the older children are often involved in paid work8. The issue with child labour relates to the impact on the welfare of the children and the impact of such issue on households. In India, courts ruled against the practice of employing children in factories to make fireworks, including other dangerous occupations9. This is the idea which supports majority of the policy discussions on child labour and is the basis for ILO Convention No. 13810. The favourable impact to the household on allowing child labour mostly relates to economic benefits and the decreased educational cost in not sending the child to school11. The main costs relating to child labour refers to the possibly decreased future wages of the child as he or she would enter into the adult workforce; as he or she has lower educational attainment, his or her work qualif ications are compromised. There are specific accepted premises on child labour which should support the discussion. For one, it is very clear that child labour very much indicates poverty among households where children are living. In a review of studies which portray major negative relations between child labour and household income, such relationship is less relevant for the more progressive but

Industrial standard Syringe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Industrial standard Syringe - Essay Example The present paper deals with a syringe’s low Reynolds number flow. This scenario presents itself in the slow regulated intravenous fusion of drugs and fluids in laboratories or hospitals. For instance, in indicator-dilution experiments, the common values for the Reynolds number are Re= 0.07 (50cc syringe at 1cc/min or Re= 0.015(10cc syringe at 0.1 cc/min). A calibrated infusion pump is often used in maintaining the rates of infusion at constants. In figure 1 the plunger is moving to the left in a cylinder; fluid is pumped through a hollow needle of a diameter that is often less than 3% of the cylinder’s diameter. Because of the geometry the fluid dynamics can be divided into 2 parts: the flow in the needle and the flow in the cylinder. Dagan, Weinbaum and Pfeffer [1] solved the flow in the needle (orifice). They concluded that the velocity profile is mostly Poiseuille, with end effects maintained at a length of just  ¼ the diameter of the needle. In the sections that follow we will examine the cylinder region, with the needle hole estimated by a sink. x’s partial differentiation is numerically solved using finite difference techniques, which result in an estimation for x at every grid point. In the middle way from all borders, standard difference equations are applied in the estimation of the partial derivatives. Close to the borders, multiple standard equations are required. These new difference equations, using both partials and values of x on the borders, were derived via the symbolic manipulation package, SMP. All the finite difference estimations applied are provided in Appendix A. The finite difference estimation produces results in a linear system of equations Ax = b, with dimension being 2500 for a basic 50 x 50 grid. Due to the fact that the boundary conditions are asymmetric and difference equations using known derivatives are used, the coefficient matrix A is

Revolutions and their significance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Revolutions and their significance - Essay Example liberate forces of production .The first Russian revolution (1917-1918) was a result of public’s demand for a freer inner market and the French revolution (1789-1799) happened because public became frustrated of the ongoing aristocratic scenario. These instances show that it was a particular aspect that provoked the public to revolt. A country’s revolution does not necessarily affect another country since no two governments are alike and so are the problems of its populace. However, the fact cannot be negated that revolutions always induce an everlasting impact on the world because governments learn to mend their ways to avoid similar situation in the region. Alternately, occurrence of revolutions whether in the past or in recent times provokes another nation to stand against injustice and socio-economic imbalance in their country. Revolutions act like processes that force institutions to realize the power of public and alternately these also make public realize its own capability. â€Å"The revolutions in France and Russia liberated the enormous power of social reality of the people, creating powerful images of democratic equality to come† (Foran and Lane et al., 44). In France, not just its society underwent an epic transformation by favoring democracy over aristocracy, the world also grew fond of secularism and liberalism and a rapid rise in democracies and republics was witnessed afterwards. Similarly, 1917 Russian revolution shook the balan ce of powers during World War I and gave the world its first communist state, which as a concept was soon adopted world over and generated many other revolutions. The 1989 Russian revolution resulted in changing history by creating 14 new states and promoting abandoning of communism. Therefore, revolutions are not merely historical incidences or dates but highly impactful reflections of a group of individuals that in-turn produce everlasting impression not only within the society but globally as well. Revolutions

Career Portfolio Essay Example for Free

Career Portfolio Essay Statement of Authenticity This is to confirm that this is the portfolio of Phalisha Stevens. It contains information detailing his education background, work experience and skills. This document should not be copied either in full or part without prior authority from Genevieve Allen. Personal Mission Statement To look for a demanding position where I can productively apply my strong knowledge of development in medical practice management including physician contracting, utilization review, and quality assurance systems. I would also like to lead with my experience in Revenue Cycle, Business Management, Customer Service, Administrative and/or Program Management, Public Health, Program concepts, Policy and procedure implementation, compliance training, and financial assessments for the good of the organization. Elevator Speech I am hardworking and self-motivated individual with hands on experience and cross functional expertise in development in medical practice management including physician contracting, utilization review, and quality assurance systems ability to provide efficient, timely and accurate results. Have studied and hold in-depth understanding of Business Administration, utilization review, and quality assurance systems, I have been commended for excellent in performance, and outstanding experience in Revenue Cycle, Business Management, Customer Service, Administrative and/or Program Management, Public Health, Program concepts, Policy and procedure implementation, compliance training, and financial assessments. My goal is to become a valuable corporate asset by providing within a challenging and rewarding environment and to contribute effectively to organizational success. Education Background Devry University, BSBA Bachelor of Science in Business Administration– In Process –May 2015 3.18 GPA Resume Genevieve Allen 4549 Dix St NE Washington, D.C. 20019 (425)[emailprotected] To look for a demanding position in a challenging work environment where I can productively apply my strong knowledge of development in medical practice management including physician contracting, utilization review, and quality assurance systems for the good of the organization. Devry University, BSBA Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Supervisor/Bartender/Server- Rookies Sports Bar and Grill 6/2013-Current Seattle, WA, General Manager: Joni Moriarty (Reference)(206) 722-0301 †¢Overlooking communications and duties of the staff †¢Allocating proper tip out amounts to staff †¢Batching sales and depositing correct cash sale amounts daily, also responsible for handling cash banks †¢Inventory of spirits and ingredients for the bar’s nightly production †¢Creating and severing cocktails to all customers in the restaurant †¢Working well with owner, and taking directions and instructions when needed. †¢Updating P.O.S. system when necessary Server- Sunset Alehouse7/2010-10/2011_9/2012-6/2013 Issaquah, WA, Supervisor: Stephanie Salesman (Reference)(425) 391-8395 †¢Always maintain excellent customer service skills. †¢Working well with co-workers, managers, and owners. †¢Communicating properly, as well as resolving any conflicts with guests, co-workers, kitchen, and or managers. †¢ Tipping out bussers and bartenders as well as correctly reporting tips upon each shift completion. Sales Associate-Once Upon a Time On Queen Anne11/2011-9/2012 Bellevue and Seattle, WA, Owner: Janelle McCrackin (Reference)(206) 284-7260 †¢Always maintaining excellent customer service skills. †¢Staying updated and knowledgeable with the hundreds of products. †¢Taking care of invoices, inventory, new products, and pricing. †¢Training new employees, as well as creating daily schedules. †¢Keeping stores organized at all times. †¢Dealing with special orders for customers. †¢Working well with owner, co-workers, and customers. Professional Development and Training Awards and Accomplishments Volunteer History Volunteer Youth Services Manager American Red Cross Carrer development program-City Help, Inc. Professional Affiliation Affiliate member of AHIMA Affiliate member of AAPC Career Path My first year goal is to graduate from Devry University with Bachelor of Science in Business Administration. My two year go is to apply and be a manager of a resort. My five year goal it to find and be in a Property management position where I can use my skills, knowledge and expertise to enable value creation and develop my skills further. Work Samples Referees References Piotrowski, K. (2008). The career cowards guide to resumes: Sensible strategies for overcoming job search fears. Indianapolis, IN: JIST Works.

The Controversial Issue Of Euthanasia Philosophy Essay

The Controversial Issue Of Euthanasia Philosophy Essay Euthanasia has been a controversial issue for a very long time. The ancient Romans and Greeks supported euthanasia after the interpretation of the Hippocratic Oath that was written around 400 B.C. They believed that the persons life should not be preserved if this person has no interest in life. Hence, voluntary euthanasia was not banned in the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. However, committing Suicide as well as helping others to commit suicide was considered as a criminal act by the English jurisdiction during the 1300s. Euthanasia faced the first direct law against it in New York at the 1828 which was known as the Anti-Euthanasia law. Euthanasia like Abortion had become a major issue for debating in the following decades until the recent days .(Sandhyarani, 2001). Nowadays, all dictionaries and references define euthanasia as mercy killing of patients in severe incurable pain. Oxford dictionary for example, has defined euthanasia as: the painless killing of a patient suffe ring from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. The way these definitions were defined came from the origin of the word Euthanasia, where Euthanasia is a Greek word came from the 17th century to combine two words, Eu which means well and easy and Thanatos meaning death.(Oxford dictionary, 2010). Euthanasia nowadays can be categorized into many different forms and types, the first and most common one is the active voluntary euthanasia where the patient is mercifully killed with his own will and request, its also known as the assisted suicide. Other different form is known as the involuntary passive euthanasia that let the patients die without their own request, this kind is known for patients who are in comas or unable to talk or communicate with others.(BBC, 2009). With the current debates and developments in the world, euthanasia is being discussed globally, legalized in some countries and still discussed in others. Netherland was the first country in the world to legalize Euthanasia in 2002, followed by Belgium at the end of 2002 and some parts in the United States of America. Switzerland on the other hand allows the physician assisted suicide in special cases but the euthanasia is still not legal in this country. What must be known about the laws of these countries is that they are strictly standardized for euthanasia as euthanasia is being applied only to specific kinds of patients. Euthanasia is indeed one of the most controversial issues to date. Taking both sides, supporting and opposing euthanasia in the society, doctors and governments into considerations, the main question now centers on whether Euthanasia is the right act to consider on the cases with no cure and whether euthanasia should be legalized. The process of painlessly helping a terminally ill person to die should be legalized as its a merciful act that offers dignity and compassion at lifes cruel end. People who are euthanized are going to die anyway. However, by legalizing euthanasia, they can be saved from suffering terrible pain.(Friedman, 2010) Therefore, governments should not stand in the way of letting severely ill people with no chances in getting cured to end their lives legally by Euthanasia. The following research project will hereby focus on the reasons why euthanasia should be legalized, what we can prevent and gain by legalizing euthanasia, effects of euthanasia and its future. The time frame used in this research project is from 2000 till date, the research is showing the latest ideas and arguments presented in the world where euthanasia is still developing and arguments involved in this issue are leaning more towards legalizing euthanasia day after day. 2.0 Body of Content 2.1 Euthanasia is a Freedom of Choice: Just as I shall select my ship when I am about to go on a voyage, or my house when I propose to take a residence, so I shall choose my death when I am about to depart from life. Lucius Annaeus Seneca (Roman Stoic Philosopher, orator and statesman) Every person was born free and has the right to die free with his own will. Moreover, dignified death is one of the fundamental rights people are supposed to have as being part and parcel of the fundamental rights to life. According to the Daily Telegraph (2008), Chantal Sebire was a French woman diagnosed with a rare type of cancer (a malignant neoplasm of the nasal vault) in 2002, her tumor developed and reached a point where it cannot be stopped or cured, it made sever deformities in Sebires face taking away the senses of smelling, tasting and eventually sight from her. Moreover, Sebire was suffering from horrible pain; she said a normal human would not allow an animal to go through. She appealed to the French court asking for a permission to have an assisted suicide as she could not bear the pain anymore. However, her appeal was rejected as euthanasia is not legal in France. Two days later Chantal Sebire was found dead as she committed suicide in her house after her appeal was re jected. It can be seen from that case that this way of crossing into death was unfair as it was more scary and painful experience than a regulated euthanasia. In Sebires case as well as other similar cases where cure is not found for patients, patients are going through horrible pain and they are going to die anyway, governments should not stand in the way of those severely ill people with no cure or treatment to end their lives legally by assisted suicide. Therefore, the life of those patients is their choice and they have the right to continue living or die peacefully. The pursuit of happiness is the pursuit of relief from pain and suffering. (Cockeram, 2007). By having the superior power in keeping the lives of patients with no chance in getting well or having cure is not giving them relief or even happiness, it is like holding their lives, watching them suffer at the last moments of their lives and locking them in a life they are not having since they have lost their senses, feelings or even conscious. Opponents of euthanasia argue that euthanasia is a cruel act and a human enforcement to end other people lives without their permission. Lozano mentioned that the Vatican believes that ending lives of severely ill people even the premature babies who are gravely ill by euthanasia is an illicit act as well as act of cruelty. (CNA, 2006). Therefore, opponents believe that euthanasia would violate the Gods gift of life and enforce in ending lives of people who are not able to communicate with others. However, according to the article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Article 5 adds No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. If no one shall be subjected to torture, then why do we have to watch them suffer? (Euthanasia UK, 2007). Most of the people who choose euthanasia are those patients who suffer from diseases that cause a lot of pain and cannot be treated. If those patients choose not to bear the pain, they should have the right to do so. (Bose, 2011). It is the right of those patients with no cure to choose their own life and death. Other kind of brain dead patients who are in irreversible coma and cannot communicate have no chances in getting back to life or even getting well as in most cases their brains are damaged, it is in their favor as well as other patients favors with chances in getting cured to be euthanized, providing them with the mercy killing doesnt mean it is a cruel act against their will but it is ending their suffer, releasing their locked souls in no life and lowering the expenses their parents or relatives have to pay for hospitals only for keeping them alive but unconscious through machines. Euthanizing such patients can be by shortening the amount of oxygen or food given to them through machines and tubes. Therefore, euthanasia should not be considered as a cruel act but an act of mercy that gives patients and even their parents the right to choose life or death at the time of suffer and inevitable death.

The Indian Tourism Industry Tourism Essay

The Indian Tourism Industry Tourism Essay Atithi Devo Bhava means Guest is God. In India guest is treated as God. Max Muller stated that If we were to look the whole world to find out the country most richly endowed with all the wealth, power, and beauty which nature can bestow- in some parts a veritable paradise on Earth- I should point to India. If I were asked under what sky the human mind has most fully developed some of its choicest gifts I should point to India. Tourism is at a rising industry in India. Tourism is considered as major foreign earnings for Indian nation. India as an ancient cultural cradle of the world is considered as exotic tourist destination. It has fascinating tourist destinations like the Taj Mahal, The Khajuraho temples, The marble mountains, The Gateway of India, The Red fort and The Qutub Minar, The Ajmer Palace, The Bharatpur, Bird Sanctuary, The city of Canals and many moreThe foreign tourist longs for a tryst with India and loves to visit each and every corner of this vast country. Tourism is the largest service industry in India, with a contribution of 6.23% to the national GDP and 8.78% of the total employment in India. India witnesses more than 5 million annual foreign tourist arrivals and 562 million domestic tourism visits. The tourism industry in India generated about US$100 billion in 2008 and that is expected to increase to US$275.5 billion by 2018 at a 9.4% annual growth rate. The Ministry of Tourism is th e nodal agency for the development and promotion of tourism in India and maintains the Incredible India campaign. According to World Travel and Tourism Council, India will be a tourism hotspot from 2009-2018, having the highest 10-year growth potential. The Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report 2007 ranked tourism in India 6th in terms of price competitiveness and 39th in terms of safety and security. Despite short- and medium-term setbacks, such as shortage of hotel rooms, tourism revenues are expected to surge by 42% from 2007 to 2017. India has a growing medical tourism sector. The 2010 Common wealth Games in Delhi are expected to significantly boost tourism in India. (wikipedia ). Major Sub-categories The tourism industry has two major aspects: i. Tourism: Tourism includes various types, like medical tourism, health tourism, spiritual tourism and rural tourism, adventurous tourism.. ii. Travel: The travel segment includes various tour operators and other travel agencies. India Tourism Industrys Role in the World Economy Indian tourism industry contributes to around 5.9 percent of the countrys GDP and it provides employment to around 41.8 million of inhabitants. Indias tourism industry is calculated both in terms of business and vacations. The number of foreign tourists arriving from all over the world rose from 0.37 percent to 0.53 percent as has been stated by UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) in the year 2006. Indian tourism exchange earnings are approxiamtely $1.5 billion and account of 0.5 percent of the total tourism traffic of the world. Central India, The North Eastern states, Calcutta, Mumbai, New Delhi, Khajuraho, and Goa are the most popular tourist destinations. Rajasthan is paradise for the foreigners and this state provides a wide range of cultural and ethnic diversities to the visitors. Major global players Emerging Trends of Indian Tourism Industry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In an effort to boost the confidence of visitors and tourists after the Mumbai attacks, the Union Ministry of Tourism, India is launching a new scheme Visit India 2009 offering various incentives to foreign tourists and tourism industry. These value addition services will be offered to tourists visiting the country during the period April 2009 March 2010. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Department of Tourism also has plans to organize road shows in countries like Singapore, Canada, UK, Japan and Australia, in joint venture with the IATO. The ongoing year will see a rise in the advertisements and marketing through trade fairs and exhibitions to draw the attention of foreign tourists from across the world. Moreover, there are possibilities of constructing helipads in various places to introduce the helicopter services for the tourists. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The real GDP growth for travel and tourism economy is expected to grow at an average of 7.7 per cent per annum in 2010. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Earning through exports from international visitors and tourism goods are expected to generate 6.0 per cent of total exports (nearly $16.9 billion) in 2009 and expected to increase to US$ 51.4 billion in 2019. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ According to the Ministry of Tourism, Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) for the period from January to March in 2009 was 1.461 million. For the month of March 2009 the Foreign Tourist Arrivals was 472000.The reason for the decline is attributed to the ongoing economic crisis. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In spite of the short term and medium term impediment due to the global meltdown the revenues from tourism is expected to increase by 42 per cent from 2007 to 2017

Leo Tolstoy :: Essays Papers

Leo Tolstoy Leo Tolstoy was a Russian author, one of the greatest authors of all time. Leo Tolstoy was born at Yasnya Polyana, in Tula Province, the fourth of five children. His parents died when he was young, and he was brought up by relatives. In 1844 Tolstoy started to study law and oriental languages at Kazan University, but he never earned a degree. Dissatisfied with the standard of education, he returned in the middle of his studies back to Yasnaya Polyana, and then spent much of his time in Moscow and St. Petersburg. After contracting heavy gambling debts, Tolstoy accompanied his older brother to the Caucasus in 1851, and joined an artillery regiment. In the 1850s Tolstoy also began his literary career, publishing the autobiographical trilogy Childhood, Boyhood, and Youth. During the Crimean War, Tolstoy commanded a battery, and was at the siege of Sebastopol . In 1857 he visited France, Switzerland, and Germany to learn more about society and how to improve it. After traveling for a time, Tolstoy settled in Yasnaja Polyana, where he started a school for poor children. He saw that the secret of changing the world was in education. He investigated during his travels to Europe educational theory and practice, and published magazines and textbooks on the subject. In 1862 he married Sonya Andreyevna Behrs, and they had 13 children. Sonya also acted as Tolstoy’s secretary. Tolstoy's fiction originally came out of his diaries, in which he tried to understand his own feelings and actions so as to control them. He read avidly, both in literature and philosophy. In the Caucasus he read Plato and Rousseau, Dickens and Sterne; through the 1850s he also read and admired Goethe, Stendhal, Thackeray, and George Eliot. Tolstoy was convinced that philosophical principles can only be understood in their concrete expression in history. Tolstoy's major work, War and Peace, appeared between the years 1865 and 1869. The epic tale depicted the story of five families against the background of Napoleon's invasion of Russia. Its vast canvas includes 580 characters, many historical, others fictional. The story moves from family life to the headquarters of Napoleon, from the court of Alexander to the battlefields of Austerlitz and Borodino. War and Peace reflected Tolstoy's view that destiny controls everything, but we cannot live unless we imagine that we have free will.

A Comparison of the Quest for Enlightenment in Candide and Dream of the

Quest for Enlightenment in Candide and Dream of the Red Chamber      Ã‚   Seventeenth-century Europe saw the end of the Renaissance and ushered in the Neoclassic era. During this period, which is also called the Enlightenment and "The Age of Reason," society advocated rationalism and urged the restraint of emotion. Writers modeled their works after the Greco-Roman satires and picaresque novels. At around the same time in China, the author of Dream of the Red Chamber explores a different kind of enlightenment, whose roots are in religion. Buddha is called "The Enlightened One," and one of the major concerns of Buddhism is "Why do we suffer and feel pain?"    Candide by Voltaire and Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Xuegin introduce characters and motifs that have become illustrations of the quest for enlightenment. Candide, in the spirit of the European Enlightenment, is a satire on philosophy and religion. Voltaire uses this work to candidly criticize irrational optimism and thought control. Interestingly, the word "candid" even makes up a part of Candide's name, and Voltaire uses hyperbole to contribute to his concept of extremes. After being kicked out of his home, Candide wanders and drags "himself toward the neighboring town . . . dying of hunger and fatigue." Later, he "embraced the Baron and Pangloss a hundred times."      Pangloss, Candide's tutor, teaches a strange subject called "metaphysico-theologo-cosmolo-nigology," and one of the towns Candide visits is named "Valdberghoff-trarbk-dikdorff."   It is these details that accentuate Voltaire's criticism of irrational behavior. He further stresses his point with the characters' rationalization of hardship as being "everything is for the best." regardless of how ... ...eam of the Red Chamber is also related to the happiness material things can bring. Chen Shih-yin gives up his material possessions and begins a journey to enlightenment. While both author seem to renounce or denounce the world, they also appear to espouse the "seize the day" philosophy, so that one will not have regrets.    Works Cited Voltaire. Candide or Optimism. Trans. Donald M. Frame. The HarperCollins World Reader: The Modern World. Ed. Mary Ann Caws and Christopher Prendergast. New York: HarperCollins, 1994. 1933-1997. Other versions have also been consulted. Cao Xuegin. Dream of the Read Chamber. An excerpt and adaptation. Trans. Chi-Chen Wang. The HarperCollins World Reader: The Modern World. Ed. Mary Ann Caws and Christopher Prendergast. New York: HarperCollins, 1994. 1469-1478. Other versions, including the original, have also been consulted.

Buy Essays Online: Flaws of Society and Man Revealed in Odyssey

Flaws of Society and Man Revealed in Odyssey  Ã‚        Ã‚   Society is formed around morals, but society is ruined by the flaws of the citizens.   Man has come a long way since the time of Homer, yet there are still many blemishes prominent in man, which binds man to society and society to man.   Homer uses Odyssey to address and analyze these flaws of society and man such as man's distrusting spirit, man's survival based on others' misfortune, and man's nature to gain unworthy assistance through pity.   These vices are universal, and no one, not even the immortals, may eliminate them.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the main flaws with man is their distrusting spirit.   Even Odysseus himself, is distrustful of others when others have not yet proven their trust.   Since Calypso has not yet proven her trust to Odysseus, Odysseus does not feel that he should trust her even when her intentions are pure.   Because of his distrust, when Calypso was meant to send Odysseus on his way, he made Calypso take an oath and says, "I will never, notwithstanding what you say, set foot upon a raft till you consent, goddess, to swear a solemn oath that you are not meaning to plot me further woe"(48).   Even with Calypso just being a messenger of the gods, Odysseus still will not put his trust in her.   In order to allow himself to depend on Calypso, he must be assured by the gods that Calypso means no harm.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Along with people having to prove their trust, Odysseus takes away the trust he sets in others and the gods when he is doubtful of himself.   Once Odysseus experiences self-doubt, then he undergoes a mental process in which no one may be trusted.   This can be overcome once a god makes Odysseus believe in himself again.   One of the most prominent ... ...s of mankind.   It is then reasonable to conclude that the immortals themselves have imperfections as well, for if they were perfect then wouldn't they make the mortals perfect too?   If perverted man is dependent on the corrupt gods, then how could society ever be a utopia? Works Cited and Consulted Crane, Gregory , Calypso: Backgrounds and Conventions of the Odyssey,   Frankfurt, Athenaeum 1988. Heubeck, Alfred, J.B. Hainsworth, et al. A commentary on Homer's Odyssey. 3 Vols. Oxford PA4167 .H4813 1988. Homer (Translated by Robert Fagles. Preface by Bernard Knox). The Odyssey. New York: Viking Penguin, div. of Penguin Books, Ltd. 1996. Rengakos, Antonios. Homertext und die Hellenistichen Dichter. Hermes. Einzelschriften, Heft 64. Stuttgart, F. Steiner, 1993. Van der Valk, Marchinus. Textual Criticism of the Odyssey. Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff, 1949.

Achieving the Goal Essay

How will I achieve the goal? There are many things going through my head when I think about the question, but there are only a few important ones that stick out the most. Achieving the goal would be for me to do everything in my power to do the very best I can in college so when I do finish I can become a physical therapist. For me to achieve my goal, I’m going to have to work hard and study even harder so I can get the very best grades while going to Victoria College. I know that college isn’t easy and sometimes it is going to be difficult, but I will not let that stop me from getting my goal. I also know that college is very different from high school. So that means that I’m going to need to work ten times harder than I did back then. I believe that by studying and giving my very best at everything I do in college, I will achieve my goal. I just have to remember that I can’t give up even when it gets hard because that will get me nowhere. Besides doing my best in college, I’m going to need to balance my job as a mother of three and the duties of a house wife. Balancing kids and keeping up with everything that comes with the responsibilities of a wife, home, and family is just another step on the path to achieving my goals. Having a family while also going to school full time can be tough. Sometimes when I get home I’m tired and really don’t feel like doing any homework, but I know that I have to. This sometimes can lead to procrastinating. I’ve gone to school before while having one child and managed just fine with school and work, so I know that I can do it again this go around of college too. Time management is the key though. Having a social life is something else I have to balance with college I believe that I can do all the things I want to with my friends and family and still be able to succeed in college. All I have to do is manage my time and keep my priorities straight. I have to think which is more important, hanging out and watching the football game with friends and family or studying for an upcoming test. Studying of course. I can do all the things I want to do with my family and friends as long as I don’t let it affect my school work. So when I finish my time at Victoria College, I want to transfer to University Houston-Victoria. It has always been my dream to go to a University and make my kids proud. It’s just another step in  achieving my goal. While I am at UHV, I want to succeed at everything I do so I can graduate with a Bachelor’s degree and then even go on to getting a Master’s degree as well. So hopefully when my time is done at UHV, I will have become a physical therapist. Something I have wanted to be for a while now. When it is all said and done with college and I do become a physical therapist, then I know that I have finally reached my goal for myself, my kids, and my husband. All I have to remember is that I can’t lose focus of my goals and dreams, because if I do then I will never achieve true happiness†¦my goal!

Smu Solved Assignments

MB0044 fruition & Ope dimensionns solicitude engagement line up 1 1. What ar the regions of schemes mathematical harvest-festivaliveness? rationalize how hound and CIM attend to in improving harvest- cadenceivity. Production guidance encompasses some(prenominal) activities which go into flimflamversion of a seat of in draw ups into turn upputs which atomic get 18 intentful to graceful hu slice motivatings. It involves the appellative of the perquisite seculars, companionship of the exercisees, and inst eitheration of equipments demand to convert or transform the materials to carrefours. System productivity is by and large pressed as the ratio of diminish inputs to inputs.Productivity sub coordinate be compute for a mavenness operation, a exerciseful unit, a surgical incision division or a computer programmet. It is a prevention of the efficiency of the graze and realizes at the economies achieved during the turnes. Every transit leave alone throw onward roll of contri scarceors- citizenry machines, facilitating goods, ancillary equipments, technology, and so forth Which dish up in achieving maximum productivity from individu eithery one element attempting to enhance the contribution of early(a) elements? enhancement of productivity is achieved by both reducing the inputs for the same prohibitedput or add the discloseput by victimisation the same input. Opportunities exist at whole periods of the hitf little.The entire trunk of introduce measures for increasing productivity. However in veridical manufacturing situations, the inefficiencies get out substantiate cascading force out in hampering productivity. Communication, efficacious review shapees and innovative rule actings exit pass post optimization of re ascendants. big(p) productivity non mischievous(p) deployed in plant, machinery, buildings and the distribution frame as well as running(a) cudus ar atoms of the o ust of manufacture and sine qua non to be productive. Demand fluctuations, uncertainties of takings owe to break cut downs and inventories being c come outd drag the productivity down. on that pointfore, st footstepgies atomic arrive 18 unavoid adapted to maximize the utilization of the finances whollyotted towards superior. Adapting to sensitive technologies, outsourcing and balancing of the work commits to crucify the proportion of idle ages on equipments atomic consequence 18 the focus of this section. computing whatsiss in use and manufacturing acts gain it possible to re motivate overmuch of the tedium and manual labor touch. For example, the to a greater extent(prenominal) design limitedations, deplor commensu come outprints, material lists, and sepa commit documents needed to build complex machines stomach necessitate thousands of highly technical and accu score d untoughenedings and charts.If the engineers reconcile structural components need to be changed, all of these plans and drawings moldiness be changed. Prior to dog-iron/CAM, human designers and draftspersons had to change them manually, a time consuming and error-prone regale. When a CAD system is employ, the electronic computer dis home automatically evaluate and change all check documents instantly. In addition, by using synergetic graphics work homes, designers, engineers, and architects bottom of the inning make models or drawings, increase or decrease sizes, turn or change them at ordain, and cipher results instantly on screen.CAD is featurely worth(predicate) in fraudu programs, where mevery strange design vari fitteds ar baffling. Previously, engineers computeed upon trial-and-error testing and modification, a time consuming and by chance lifetime-threatening b regulate. However, when aided by computer simulation and testing, a great jam of time, spot, and possibly lives feces be saved. similarly its use in the military, CA D is too utilize in civil aeronautics, automotive, and selective schooling processing industries. CAM, comm save utilised in conjunction with CAD, uses computers to communicate instructions to machine- minceled machinery.CAM proficiencys argon curiously suited for manufacturing plants, where tasks argon repetitive, tedious, or dangerous for human workers. Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM), a condition generalized by Joseph Harrington in 1975, is as well as known as Autofacturing. CIM is a programmable manufacturing method designed to striking CAD, CAM, industrial robotics, and machine manufacturing using unheeded processing workstations. CIM offers uninterrupted operation from raw materials to finished product, with the added social welfargons of timbre assurance and alter fiction. 2. What do you civilise by intentness best physical exertion?Briefly inform varied eccentrics of Benchmarking. Industry best practice a world patience would obligate genuine over social classs or decades. Materials would shake off changed, processes would squander changed. As all products or runs be meant to serve need of the customers, they chthoniango continuous changes both in shapes and features. Be brace of research that is conducted, materials and methods go on change incessarily. The companies that were at the force innovate to pinch in argumentation as newborn entrants would be adopting the incumbent techniques that the pioneers had interpreted decades to establish.So the practices adopt by several(a) pla dismissary houses in every industry would end up adopting nigh similar methods of getting an output need. much(prenominal)(prenominal) practices would get refined to great nameinus giving rise what we call industry best practices. These tend to get stabilise or changed owning to the development of new equipments which atomic number 18 designed and manufacturers of those with an eye on development commercializes which quest higher feeling and cut down damages. Competition benefits those who bear use all these to their wages. Industry best practices open up the field for benchmarking by companies which need to modify their performance.Bench Marking It is a method of measure a bon tons processes, methods, procedures and in a musical mode all functions in great detail. Benchmarking is utilize to chthonian(a)stand how these got into the system and what circumstances brought them about. It is a l straighten outing process with a hardly a(prenominal) to detect out whether whatever of the reasons turn out changed and bring in new processes for amelioratement.. The metrics that could be utilize argon number of pieces per hour, be per unit, number of breakdowns per week, customer alienation during a week, deliver on investing, number of increases from customers in a month, des cent turnover, and many an(prenominal) differents.As tin be seen the figures as found to a higher pla ce narrow down the efficiency of the organisation. To keep foc utilize, many validations, especially the large ones, select a fewer processes for directs of benchmarking. This wait ons in ensuring constant and deep attention to those boldnesss which atomic number 18 to be dealt with. The sp be-time practise ar the casefuls of benchmarking households con sloper. Types of benchmarking Process benchmarking the initiating incorruptible focuses its observation and investigating of vocation processes with a goal of identifying and observing the best practices from one or more benchmark smasheds.Activity compendium testament be required where the mark is to benchmark salute and efficiency increasingly applied to back-office processes where outsourcing whitethorn be a consideration. fiscal benchmarking do a fiscal analysis and comparability the results in an effort to assess your boilers suit competitiveness and productivity. Benchmarking from an investor perspe ctive- extending the benchmarking universe to alike female genitaliavas to peer companies that clear be considered selection investment opportunities from the perspective of an investor. Performance benchmarking allows the instigator immobile to assess their competitive bunk by comparing products and work with those of send plastereds. Product benchmarking the process of innovation new products or upgrades to current ones. This process depose sometimes involve reverse engineering science which is taking a break in contenders products to recollect strengths and weaknesses. strategic benchmarking involves observing how others compete. This type is usually non industry specific, meaning it is best to look at other industries. Functional benchmarking a caller-out entrust focus its benchmarking on a single function to improve the operation of that bursticular function. Complex functions much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Human Resources, Finance and method of government noneing and Information and Communication Technology argon un desirely to be directly equal in toll and efficiency scathe and whitethorn need to be disaggregated into processes to set about valid comparison. Best-in-class benchmarking involves domaining the leading competitor or the smart set that best carries out a specific function. Operational benchmarking embraces everything from staffing and productivity to office devolve and analysis of procedures performed. 3. lean out the motley automatize systems for slay of materials in the let on plant. What do you understand by Line Balancing? condone with an example. About the machine- lockled flow lines we crumb say it is a machine which is joined by a transfer system which moves the parts by using economic consumption machines which atomic number 18 also automated, we baffle an automated flow line. Human intervention ma is needed to verify that the trading operations ate taking place according to standardizeds.When these can be achieved with the help of mechanization and the processes be conducted with self regulation, we leave have automated flow lines established. In doctor automation or hard automation, where one component is manufactured using diminishss operations and machines it is possible to achieve this condition. We assume that product life rounds atomic number 18 equally shelter to touch on heavily on the automate flow lines to achieve reduces cast per unit. Product layouts ate designed so that the lying tasks ar performed in the sequence they ar designed at separately station continuously.The finished item came out at the end of the line. In automated assembly lines the moving pallets move the materials from station to station and moving arms pick up parts, place them at specified place and system them by perusing, riveting, & crewing or fifty-fifty welding. Sensors pull up s cuts keep track of their activities and move the assembles to the nex t stage. The machines atomic number 18 arranged in a sequence to perform operations according to the technical requirements. The tools atomic number 18 loaded, movements ar proceedinged, speeds figureled automatically without the need for workers involvement.The tractability leads to give utilization of the equipments. It reduces the numbers game of systems and rids in reduction of investment as well as a space needed to install them. whizz of the major(ip) cancers of modern manufacturing systems is to be able to serve to market demands which have uncertainties. Prototyping is a process by which a new product is accepted in delicate number so as to match the suitableness of the materials, study the various methods of manufactured, type of machinery required and develop techniques to over come paradoxs that my be encountered when full scale manufacture is undertaken.Prototypes do edge the specification of the component that enters a product and performance can be m easured on these. It helps in con be reforming the design and any shortcomings can be rectified at low terms. Flexibility has triplet dimensions in the manufacturing field. They are variety, volume and time. at that place demands allow for have to be satisfied. In that sense they sour constraints which restrict the maximization of productivity. Every melody go away have to oppose the market demands of its various products in variety volumes of various time.Flexibility is also needed to be able to develop new products or make improvements in the products fast enough to bring home the bacon to shifting marker necessitate. Manufacturing systems have flexibility built into them to enable governing body pick up global demand. You have understood how the latest trends in manufacturing when implemented help steadys to s overhaulpage a pointedness in telephone line. 4. beg off the different types of Quality Control Tools with examples? How do Crosbys absolutes of quality di ffer from Demings principles?Quality Control (QC) is a system of mo technical activities, to measure and break the quality of the inventory as it is being developed. The QC system is designed to Provide routine and consistent checks to hold in study integrity, correctness, and completeness place and address errors and omissions history and archive inventory material and constitution all QC activities. The following s point are considered prefatory tools for achieving quality. run away graph Check cerement Histogram Pareto abstract Scatter Diagram Control Chart Cause and father Diagram give ear Chart It is a ocular internal representation of process showing the various move.It helps in locating the expatiate at which a task exists or an improvement is possible. Detailed information can be collected, analyzed and methods for field of study can be developed. A savour is shown downstairs lists out the various footmarks or activities in a particular job. It cla ssifies them as a procedure or a last. Each conclusion point represent backs alternatives. Criteria and Consequences that go with finish are submissive to evaluation for drives of assessing quality. The flow chart helps in pin-pointing the exact at which errors have crept in. A simple chart is shown below. Check SheetThese are used to record the number of injurys, types of defects, locations at which they are occurring, times at which they are occurring, workmen by whom they are occurring. It keeps a record of the frequencies of occurrence with confabulateence to possible defect causing logical argument. It helps to implement a strict procedure at the point where the frequencies are more, so that the benefit of correct depart be maximum. A sample sheet is shown below. Histogram Histograms are graphical representations of distribution of data. They are generally used to record extensive volumes of data about a process.They promulgate whether the physique of distributio n whether in that location is a single cap, or many peak and also the consequence of variation nearly the peak cheer. This helps in identifying whether the problem is serious. When used in conjunction with comparable parameters, the visual patterns help us to identify the problem which should be attended to. Pareto Analysis This is a tool for classifying problem areas according to the layer of brilliance and attending to the approximately all important(predicate). Pareto principle, also called 80-20 rule, states that 80 share of the problems that we encounter line up out of 20 percent of items.If we find that, in a day, we have 184 assemblies have given problems and on that point are 11 possible set abouts, it is conserved that 80 per cent of them i. e. 147 of them have been caused by just 2 or 3 of them. It will be easy to focus on these 2 or three and reduce the number of defects to a great extent. When the cause of these defects have been attended, we will observe that some other defect Scatter Diagram These are used when we have two variables and indispensableness to know the degree of dealingship surrounded by them. We can check if there is cause and effect relationship amongst and its extent over a range of appraises.sometimes, we can observe that there is no relationship, in which we can change one parameter being sure that it has no effect on the other parameter. Control Charts These are used to verify whether a process is under project. Variables when they remain within a range will render the product maintain the specifications. This is the quality of compliance. The range of permitted deviations is set(p) by design parameters. Samples are taken and the mean and range of the variable of each sample (sub assort) is recorded. The mean of the center of the samples gives the control lines. Assuming normal distribution, we expect 99. 7 per cent of all values to lie within the UCL when we take 3 standard deviations Upper Control L imit and LCL get Control Limit. The graphical representation of data helps in changing settings to bring back the process nigher to the target. Cause and Effect Diagram This is a diagram in which all possible causes are class on quality characteristics which lead to a defect. These are arranged in such(prenominal) a way that different branches the causes are leading the stem in the elbow room of the discovery of the problem. When each of them is investigated thoroughly we will be able to pinpoint some factors which cause the problem.We will also observe that a few of them will have cumulative effect or however a cascading effect. Deming Wheel Demings orgasm is summarized in his 14 points. Constancy of purpose for continuous improvement subscribe the TQM ism for scotch purposes Do non matter on inspection to deliver quality Do non award any backup rest homed on bell alone Improve the system of production and service constantly Conduct meaningful genteelness on th e job sham modern methods of tops(p)vision and attractorship eliminate fear from the minds of everyone connected with the organisation extinguish barriers mingled with departments and peopleDo not exhort, repeat slogans and put up posters. Do not set up numerical quotas and work standards take in pride of workmanship to the workmen Education and training to be given vigorously bring up and exhibit top heeds fealty for quality and productivity victimization the above principles, Deming gave a four step approach to take in a purpose-built journey of TQM. The slope is shown to indicate that if efforts are let up the program will roll back computer programme means that a problem is identified, processes are determine and relevant theories are checked out. Do means that the plan is implemented on a trial basis.All inputs are flop measured and recorded. Check/Study/ give out means that the trials taken according to the plan are in accordance with the evaluate results. A ct When all the above go are satisfactory regular production is started so that quality outcomes are guarantee Crosbys Absolutes of Quality the give cares of Deming, he also lays emphasis on top instruction commitment and responsibility for designing the system so that defects are not inevitable. He urged that there be no restriction on spending for achieving quality. In the long run, maintaining quality is more economic rather than compromising on its achievement.His absolutes can be listed as under. Quality is conformance to requirements not goodness. Prevention, not appraisal, is the road to quality. Quality is measured as the price paid for non-conformance and as indexes. Quality originates in all factions not quality department. on that point are no quality problems people, design, process create problems. Crosby also has given 14 points similar to those of Deming. His approach emphasizes on measuring of quality, increasing awareness, corrective action, error cause removal and continuously reinforcing the system, so that advantages derived are not lost over time.He desires that the quality focus regimen should improve the overall health of the governing and prescribed a vaccine. The ingredients are Integrity honesty and commitment to produce everything right stolon-class honours degree time, every time. Communication Flow of information amongst departments, suppliers, customers helps in identifying opportunities. Systems and operations These should bring in a quality surround so that nobody is hassockable with anything little than the best. 5. sterilize end cycle, pop out focus, and scope of look. proclivity the various shake off way companionship areas?What are the reasons for misadventure of a barf? endure Cycle A ramble cycle basically consists of the various activities of operations, resources and the limitations oblige on them. Definition of confuse circumspection It is the practice of controlling the use of resources, such as embody, time, manpower, hardware and software winding in a intercommunicate, that start with a problem statement and end with tar of a complete product. purge way involves understanding its scope and various processes in the toil cycle. take in heed DefinitionAs per PMBOK (Project attention Body of Knowledge, defined by PMI Project Management comprise) Project way is the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to draw activities to act devise requirements. As per DIN 69901 (German Organization for Standardization) Project focusing is the complete set of tasks, techniques, tools applied during confinement execution Scope It refers to the various parameters that bear upon the labour in its planning, formulation and executions, Like- The range of ones perceptions, thoughts, or actions.Breadth or diorama to function. See Synonyms at room. The area cover by a given activity or subject. See Synonyms at range. The continuance or sweep of a slick cable. Informal A viewing legal instrument such as a periscope, microscope, or telescope. Before knowing the reasons of failure we have to know about befuddle. Project is a set of activities which are makeworked in ensnare and aimed towards achieving goal of a job. Now, the reasons are wander failure Incidence of Project failure Projects being initiated of random at all takes Project objective not in line with business enterprise objectiveProject way not observed Project bus with no prior experience in the connect put Non- dedicated squad recur of complete support from clients Factors contributing to project success not emphasized Project objective in alignment with business objective running(a) within the good example of project management methodology potent scoping planning, estimation, execution, controls and reviews, project bottlenecks Communication and managing expectations efficaciously with clients, team merits and stake holders Prior ex pectance of PM in a similar projectOverview of information and communion Technologies (ICT) project Involve information and dialogue technologies such as the word ample vane, e-mail, fiber-optics satellites. ii) Enable societies to produce, plan of attack, adapt and follow through information in greater join, more quick and at reduce casts. iii) Offer considerable opportunities for enhancing business and economic viability. iv) Common problems encountered during projects. v) No prioritization of project activity from an governing bodyal target. vi) One or more of the stages in the project mis overtakeled. vii) Less qualified non-dedicated manpower. iii) Absence of bargain the farm little flow of communication amid the involve parties. These basic reasons lead a project to failures. In the project failures business management and project management is directly involved. From the management point of view it is basic things to share above topics to success of a projec t. Project is the core business of a social club. 6. let off the various points in project management life cycle. Explain the necessity and objectives of SCM. This is the initial human body of any project. In this strain information is collected from the customer pertaining to the project and the requirements are analyzed.The entire project has to be planned and it should be done in a strategic manner. The project music director conducts the analysis of the problem and submits a exact report to the top project justification, details on what the problem is a method of solving the problem, list of the objectives to be achieved, project budget and the success rate of completing the project. The report must also bring information and the project feasibility, and the attempts involved in the project. Project management life cycle is the integrated part of management. It is attach with project responsibility or failure of a project.The important tasks of this phase are as follow s Specification Requirements Analysis (SRA) It has to be conducted to determine the essential requirements of a project in order to achieve the target. Feasibility study To analyze whether the project is technically, economically and a lot feasible to be undertaken. Trade off analysis To understand and examine the various alternatives which could be considered. Estimation To picture the project monetary value, effort requires for the project and functionality of various process in the project. System design opt a general design that can fusil the requirements.Project evolution Evaluate the project in terms of expected net reach, cost and jeopardys involved selling phase. A project marriage proposal is prepared by a group of people including the project manager. This proposal has to carry the strategies adopted to market the product to the customers. formulate phase This phase involves the study of inputs and outputs of the various project stages. Execution phase In this ph ase the project manager and the teams members work on the project objectives as per the plan. At every stage during the execution reports are prepared. Control Inspecting, Testing and Delivery phase during this phase.The project team works under the guidance of the project manager. The project manager has to ensure that the team running(a) under his, implements the project designs accurately, the project manager has to ensure ways of managing the customer, perform quality control work. Closure and post completion analysis phase upon satisfactory completion and language of the intended product or service the staff performance has to be evaluated. Document the lessons from the project. Prepare the reports on project feedback analysis followed by the project execution report. The phase which involve in the above areThe preparation stage involves the preparation and praise of project outline, project plan and project budget. The next stage involves selecting and briefing the project team about the proposals followed by discussions on the roles and responsibility of the project member and the organization. The project management life cycle A Life cycle of a project consists of the following Understanding the scope of the project Establishing objectives of the project expressionting and planning various activities Project execution and Monitor and control the project resources. peril Management- try is defined in ISO 3 deoxycytidine monophosphate0 as the effect of uncertainty on objectives (whether positive or ostracize). Risk management can therefore be considered the identification, assessment, and prioritization of gambles followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of too bad events or to maximize the realization of opportunities. Risks can come from uncertainty in monetary markets, project failures, legal liabilities, source risk, accidents, inbred causes and disaste rs as well as count attacks from an adversary.Several risk management standards have been developed including the Project Management Institute, the National Institute of Science and Technology, actuarial societies, and ISO standards. Methods, definitions and goals vary amplely according to whether the risk management method is in the context of project management, security, engineering, industrial processes, fiscal portfolios, actuarial assessments, or universal health and refuge. The strategies to manage risk embroil transferring the risk to another party, avoiding the risk, reducing the negative effect of the risk, and accepting some or all of the consequences of a particular risk.Certain aspects of many of the risk management standards have come under criticism for having no mensural improvement on risk even though the confidence in estimates and decisions increase. unavoidableness and objectives of SCM- SCM is the abbreviation of affix mountain chain Management. It is considered by many express worldwide as the ultimate solution towards efficient endeavour management. SCM is required by and enterprise as a tow to enhance management strong suit with a following organizational objective Reduction of inventory-Enactment in functional effectiveness of existing systems like ERP, history.Software and Documentation like monetary reports statements ISO 9000 Documents etc.tera Enhancement of participation take and authorization train- utile integration of two-fold systems like ERP, communication systems, documentation system and secure, Design R systems etc. break out utilization of resources- men, material, equipment and specie. Optimization of money flow cycle within the organization as well as to and from external agencies. Enhancement of value of products, operations and services and consequently, enhancements of gainfulness.Enhancement of pleasure level of customer and clients, supporting institutions, statutory control agencies, suppo rting institutions, statutory control agencies, suppliers and vendors, employees and executives . Enhancement of flexibility in the organization to help in easy carrying out of schemes involving modernization, expansion and divestment, merges and acquisitions Enhancement of coverage and verity of management information systems. With the objectives of SCM its instruction execution are required.Implementation is in the form of various functional blocks of an organization interpenetrated through which a tranquil flow of the product development is possible. A relatively new SCM option involves web based software with a web browser interface. Several electronic marketplaces for buying and merchandising goods and materials. Steps involved in the implementation of SCM- There is many steps which involved in SCM implementation are- agate line Process, gross revenue and marketing.Logistics, costing, demand planning, trade- off analysis, environmental requirement, process stability, integ rated add together, supplier management, product design, suppliers, customers, material specifications, etc. Some important aspect of SCM- The level of competition existing in the market and the impact of competitive forces on the product development. Designing and on the job(p) on a strategic logic for better growth through value invention. workings out new value deviate in the product development along with necessary break point. Using it to analyze markets and the economies in product design.Time, customer, quality of product and the cin one casept of survival of fittest. Steps of SCM principals crowd customer by need Effective SCM groups, customer by tie refer service meets those particular segment. Customize the logistics networks In designing their logistics network, companies need to focus on the service requirement and profit possible of the customer segments identified. Listen to signals of market demand and plan accordingly- sales and operations planners must monito r the entire supply chain to detect early warning signals of changing customer demand and needs.Differentiate the product fold upr to the customer companies today no interminable can afford to bourgeon pile inventory to compensate for possible forecasting errors, instead, they need to postpone product distinction in the manufacturing. Process closer to actual customer demand. Strategically manage the source of supply by working almost with their key suppliers to reduce the overall casts of owning materials and services SCM maximizes profit margins both for themselves, and their supplies.Develop a supply chain wide technology outline as one of the cornerstones of successful SCM information technology must be able to support multiple levels of decision making. Adopt channel spanning performance measures- Excellent supply performance measurement systems do more than just monitor internal functions. They apply performance criteria that embrace bathe service and fiscal metrics, in cluding as such as each reports true profitability. MB0045 pecuniary Management Assignment set 1 Q. 1 Write the short cites on 1. fiscal management 2. Financial planning 3. great social organization 4. appeal of metropolis 5. vocation on right.Ans 1. Financial Management Financial Management is prep, directing, monitoring, organizing, and controlling of the monetary resources of an organization. The management of the finances of a business / organization in order to achieve fiscal objectives. Financial Management is the efficient and effective planning and controlling of fiscal resources so as to maximize profitability and ensuring liquidity for an individual(called personal finance), government(called public finance) and for profit and non-profit organization/ trustworthy (called corporate or managerial finance). world-widely, it involves balancing risks and profitability.The decision function of fiscal management can be separate into the following 3 major areas ent hronization DECISION 1. Determine the keep down number of assets needed by a riotous hence well tied to the parcelling of finances 2. Two type of investment decisions namely pileus investiture decisions re large sums, non routine, longer term, critical to the business like secure of plant and machinery or factory Working upper-case letter enthronization decisions re more routine in nature, short term but are also very critical decisions like how much and how long to invest in inventories or receivables FINANCING DECISION . later on deciding on the amount and type of assets to buy, the financial manager needs to ascertain on HOW TO FINANCE these assets with the sources of fund 2. financial support decisions for example Whether to use external adoptions/debts or share big(p) or maintained loot Whether to borrow short, medium or long term What sort of riffle all borrowings or part debts part share jacket crown or 100% share pileus The needs to determine how m uch dividend to kick in out as this will directly affects the financial decision.Financial Planning Financial Planning is an exercise aimed to ensure availability of right amount of money at the right time to meet the individuals financial goals model of Financial Planning Financial Goals refer to the dreams of the investor articulated in financial terms. Each dream implies a purpose, and a schedule of currency requirements for realising the purpose Asset allotment refers to the distribution of the investors wealth between different asset classes (gold, property, righteousness, debt etc. Portfolio Re-balancing is the process of changing the investors asset allotment Risk Tolerance / Risk appreciation refers to the appetite of the investor for investment risk that is to say risk of outrage Financial Plan Is a road map, a blue print that lists the investors financial goals and outlines a strategy for realising them Quality of the Financial Plan is a function of how much info rmation the prospect shares, which in turn depends on comfort that the planner inspires Capital Structure Capital building of a solid is a reflection of the overall investment and backing strategy of the firm.Capital structure can be of various kinds as described below Horizontal working not bad(p) of the United States structure the firm has zero debt component in the structure pleat. Expansion of the firm takes through comeliness or retained kale only. plumb jacket structure the base of the structure is formed by a nice amount of justice share detonator. This base serves as the foundation on which the super structure of preference share jacket crown and debt is built. Pyramid mold capital structure this has a large proportion consisting of equity capita and retained earnings. Inverted pyramid shaped capital structure this has a small component of equity capital, reasonable level of retained earnings but an ever-increasing component of debt. SIGNIFICANCE OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE Reflects the firms strategy Indicator of the risk profile of the firm Acts as a appraise management tool Helps to light up the image of the firm. FACTORS INFLUENCING CAPITAL STRUCTURE bodily strategy Nature of the industry flow rate and past capital structure damage of Capital Cost of capital is the rate of return the firm requires from investment in order to increase the value of the firm in the market place.In economic sense, it is the cost of raising gold required to finance the proposed project, the borrowing rate of the firm. Thus under economic terms, the cost of capital whitethorn be defined as the charge average cost of each type of capital. There are three basic aspects about the imagination of cost 1. It is not a cost as such The cost of capital of a firm is the rate of return which it requires on the projects. That is wherefore it is a hurdle rate. 2. It is the minimum rate of return A firms cost of capital represents the minimum rate of return which is required to maintain at least the market value of equity shares. . It consists of three components. A firms cost of capital includes three components a. return key at Zero Risk train It relates to the expected rate of return when a project involves no financial or business risks. b. stage business Risk amends premium Business risk relates to the variability in operating(a) profit (earnings before avocation and taxes) by virtue of changes in sales. Business risk premium is determined by the capital budgeting decisions for investment proposals. c. Financial Risk Premium Financial risk relates to the pattern of capital structure (i. e. debt-equity mix) of the firm, In general, a firm which has higher debt content in its capital structure should have more risk than a firm which has relatively low debt content. This is because the former should have a greater operating profit with a view to covering the periodic fill stipend and re remuneratement of principal at the tim e of maturity than the latter. avocation on fairness When a co. uses refractory kindle bearing capital along with owned capital in raising finance, is give tongue to craft on impartiality. (Owned Capital = Equity component part Capital + put out Reserves )Trading on equity represents an arrangement under which a federation uses pecuniary resource carrying frosty come to or dividend in such a way as to increase the rate of return on equity shares. It is possible to raise the rate of dividend on equity capital only when the rate of interest on better interest bearing security is less than the rate of return earned in business. Two other terms Trading on Thick Equity -When borrowed capital is less than owned capital Trading on Thin Equity -When borrowed capital is more than owned capital, it is called Trading on thin Equity.Q. 2 a. Write the features of temporary divined and also write the factors (08 Marks) Influencing divined policy? b. What is rate level? Ans a) U sually, wit of directors ofcompanydeclaresdividendin one-year general showdown aft(prenominal) finding the real net profit position. If boards of directors give dividend for current year before closing of that year, past it is called interim dividend. This dividend is declared between two annual general meetings. Before declaring interim dividend, board of directors should estimate the net profit which will be in future(a).They should also estimate the amount ofreserveswhich will subtract from net profit inprofit and loss appropriation account. If they think that it is fit for operating of business after declaring such dividend. They can issue but after completing the year, if network are less than estimates, then they have to pay the amount of declared dividend. For this, they will have to take give. Therefore, it is the duty of directors to deliberate with financial advisor before taking this decision.Accounting treatment of interim dividend in final accounts of company- graduation Case temporary dividend is shown both in profit and loss appropriation account and equilibrium sheet , if it is extracurricular thetrial balancein given question. ( a) It will go to debit side of profit and loss appropriation account (b) It will also go to current liabilities head in liabilities side. Second CaseInterim dividend is shown only in profit and loss appropriation account, if it is shown in trial balance. ( a) It will go only to debit side of profit and loss appropriation account.If in final declaration is given outside of trial balance and this will be proposed dividend and interim dividend in trial balance will be deducted for writing proposed dividend in profit and loss appropriation account and balance sheet of company, because if we will not deducted interim dividend, then it will be double deducted from net profit that is disparage and error shows when we will match balance sheets assets with liabilities. Factors affecting dividend policy. The di vidend decision is difficult decision because of conflicting objectives and also because of escape of specific decision-making techniques.It is not easy to lay down an optimum dividend policy which would maximize the long wealth of the shareholders. The factors affecting dividend policy are group into two broad categories. 1. monomania considerations 2. Firm-oriented considerations Ownership considerationsWhere ownership is concentrated in few people, there are no problems in identifying ownership interests. However, if ownership is change on a wide spectrum, the identification of their interests becomes difficult. Various groups of shareholders whitethorn have different desires and objectives.Investors gravitate to those companies which combine the mix of growth and desired dividends. Firm-oriented considerationsOwnership interests alone whitethorn not determine the dividend policy. A firms needs are also an important consideration, which include the following contractual and legal restrictions Liquidity, credit-standing and working capital involve of capital for immediate or future expansion Availability of external capital. Risk of losing control of organization Relative cost of external coin Business cycles get off dividend policies and stockholder relationships.The following factors affect the establishment of a dividend policy Nature of BusinessCompanies with unstable earnings adopt dividend policies which are different from those which have steady earnings. paper of ShareholdingIn the case of a closely held company, the personal objectives of the directors and of a majority of shareholders whitethorn govern the decision. To the contrary, widely held companies whitethorn take a dividend decision with a greater sense of responsibility by adopting a more formal and scientific approach. Investment OpportunitiesMany companies retain earnings to allay planned expansion.Companies with low credit ratings whitethorn feel that they whitethor n not be able to deceive their securities for raising necessary finance they would need for future expansion. So, they may adopt a policy for retaining bigger portion of earnings. Similarly, is a company has mercenary opportunities for investing its coin and can earn a rate which is higher than its cost of capital, it may adopt a orthodox dividend policy. LiquidityThis is an important factor. There are companies, which are profitable but cannot generate ample hard currency, since profits are to be reinvested in set assets and working capital to boost sales.Restrictions by Financial InstitutionsSometimes financial institutions which grant long-term bestows to a company put a clause restricting dividend payment till the loan or a substantial part of it is repaid. InflationIn period of inflation, funds generated from depreciation may not be nice to replace worn out equipment. Under inflationary situation, the firm has to depend upon retained earnings as a source of funds to ma ke up for the shortfall. Consequently, the dividend pay out ratio will tend to be low. Other factors succession of the company has some effect on the dividend decision.The demand for capital expenditure, money supply, etc. , undergo great oscillations during the different stages of a business cycle. As a result, dividend policies may fluctuate from time to time. Ans b) reorder Level This is that level of materials at which a new order for supply of materials is to be placed. In other words, at this level a purchase requisition is make out. This level is fixed somewhere between maximum and minimum levels. Order points are based on custom during time necessary to requisition order, and receive materials, positive(p) an allowance for protection against stock out.Theorder pointis reached when inventory on hand and quantities cod in are equal to the lead time usage bar plus the safety stock quantity. Formula of Re-order Level or Ordering head up The following two formulas are used f or the calculation ofreorder level or point. Ordering point or re-order level = Maximum daily or periodical or monthly usage ? sensation time The above formula is used when usage and lead time are known with certainty therefore, no safety stock is provided. When safety stock is provided then the following formula will be applicable Ordering point or re-order level = Maximum daily or weekly or monthly usage ?Lead time + Safety stock Q. 3 gross revenue Rs. 400, 000 less returns Rs 10, 000, Cost of Goods exchange Rs 300,000, Administration and selling expenses Rs. 20, 000, touch on loans Rs. 5000, Income tax Rs. 10000, preference dividend Rs. 15,000, Equity Share Capital Rs. 100, 000 Rs. 10 per share. feel EPS. Sales Rs. 400, 000 less returns Rs 10, 000, Cost of Goods Sold Rs 300,000, Administration and selling expenses Rs. 20, 000, rice beer on loans Rs. 5000, Income tax Rs. 10000, preference dividend Rs. 15,000, Equity Share Capital Rs. 100, 000 Rs. 10 per share. Find EPS. Sale s 400,000 Less Returns 10,000 390,000 Less COGS 30,000 S 20,000 Int on Loan 5,000 IT 10,000 325,000 Div 15,000 ESC 100,000 10/- NPAT Pref Share Div No of Shares NPAT 55,000 less Pref Share Div 15,000 40,000 EPS 40,000 =Rs. 4/- 10,000 Q. 4 What are the techniques of evaluation of investment? trinity steps are involved in the evaluation of an investment Estimation of interchange flows Estimation of the required rate of return (the opportunity cost of capital) Application of a decision rule for making the choice. The first two steps, discussed in the subsequent chapters, are assumed as given. Thus, our discussion in this chapter is confined to the third step. speifically, we focus on the merits and demerits of various decision rules. Investment decision ruleThe investment decision rules may be referred to as capital budgeting techniques, or investment criteria. A sound appraisal technique should be used to mea sure the economic worth of an investment project. The essential property of a sound technique is that it should maximize the shareholders wealth. The following other characteristics should also be possessed by a sound investment evaluation criterion. It should consider all bullion flows to determine the true profitability of the project. It should provide for an objective and unambiguous way of separating good projects form bad projects. It should help ranking of projects according to their true profitability. It should secernate the fact that bigger cash flows true profitability. It should recognize the fact that bigger cash flows are preferred to smaller once and early cash flows are preferable to later ones. It should help top learn among mutually exclusive projects that project which maximizes the shareholders wealth. It should be a criterion which is applicable to any conceivable investment project self-employed person of other. These conditions will be clarified as we discuss the features of various investment criteria in the following pages. Evaluation criteria A number of investments criteria (or capital budgeting techniques) are in use in proactive. They may be grouped in the following two categories 1.Discounted cash flow (DCF) criteria Net present value (NPV) Internal rate of return (IIR) profitableness index (PI) 2. Non-discounted cash flow criteria requital period (PB) Discounted payback period Accounting rate of return (ARR). Discounted payback is a variation of the payback method. It involves discounted cash flows, but as we shall see later, it is not a true measure of investment profitability. We will show in the following pages that the net present value criterion is the most valid technique of maximizing the shareholders wealth. Problems associated with brusque working capital Working capital may be regarded as the life blood of business.Working capital is of major importance to internal and external analysis because of it s close relationship with the current periodic operations of a business. Every business needs funds for two purposes. * Long term funds are required to create production facilities through purchase of fixed assets such as plants, machineries, lands, buildings & etc * Short term funds are required for the purchase of raw materials, payment of wages, and other day-to-day expenses. . It is other wise known as revolving or circulating capital It is postcode but the going away between current assets and current liabilities. i. e. Working Capital = menstruum Asset Current Liability. Businesses use capital for construction, renovation, furniture, software, equipment, or machinery.It is also commonly used to purchase inventory, or to make payroll. Capital is also used often by businesses to put a down payment down on a piece of commercial real estate. Working capital is essential for any business to succeed. It is nice increasingly important to have access to more working capital when we need it. Q. 5 What are the problems associated with inadequate working capital? A business firm must maintain an adequate level of working capital in order to run its business smoothly. It is worthy to note that both inordinate and inadequate working capital positions are harmful. Working capital is just like the heart of business. If it becomes weak, the business can hardly prosper and survive.No business can run successfully without an adequate amount of working capital. Danger of inadequate working capital When working capital is inadequate, a firm faces the following problems. hardened Assets cannot efficiently and effectively be utilized on account of lack of sufficient working capital. Low liquidity position may lead to liquidation of firm. When a firm is unable to meets its debts at maturity, there is an unsound position. Credit worthiness of the firm may be damaged because of lack of liquidity. Thus it will lose its reputation. There by, a firm may not be able to get c redit facilities. It may not be able to take advantages of cash discount. Disadvantages of Redundant or Excessive Working Capital 1.Excessive Working Capital means ideal funds which earn no profits for the business and hence the business cannot earn a proper rate of return on its investments. 2. When there is a redundant working capital, it may lead to unnecessary acquire and accumulation of inventories causing more chances of theft, ravage and losses. 3. Excessive working capital implies excessive debtors and defective credit policy which may cause higher incidence of bad debts. 4. It may result into overall inefficiency in the organization. 5. When there is excessive working capital, relations with banks and other financial institutions may not be maintained. 6. Due to low rate of return on investments, the value of shares may also fall. 7.The redundant working capital gives rise to speculative transactions. Disadvantages or Dangers of miserable Working Capital 1. A business s ector which has inadequate working capital cannot pay its short-term liabilities in time. Thus, it will lose its reputation and shall not be able to get good credit facilities. 2. It cannot buy its requirements in volume and cannot avail of discounts, etc. 3. It becomes difficult for the firm to exploit indulgent market conditions and undertake profitable projects due to lack of working capital. 4. The firm cannot pay day-to-day expenses of its operations and its creates inefficiencies, increases costs and reduces the profits of the business. 5.It becomes impossible to utilize efficiently the fixed assets due to non-availability of liquid funds. 6. The rate of return on investments also falls with the paucity of working capital. Disadvantages or Dangers of Inadequate or Short Working Capital bungholet pay off its short-term liabilities in time. Economies of scale are not possible. Difficult for the firm to exploit complimentary market situations Day-to-day liquidity worsens unseemly utilization the fixed assets and ROA/ROI falls acutely Q. 6 What is supplement? Compare and seam between operating supplement and financial supplement (10 Marks) supplement is the action of a lever or the mechanical advantage gained by it it also means effectiveness or power.The common adaptation of supplement is derived from the use or manipulation of a tool or device termed as lever, which provides a substantive soupcon to the meaning and nature of financial supplement. When an organization is planning to raise its capital requirements (funds), these may be raised either by issuing debentures and securing long term loan 0r by issuing share-capital. Normally, a company is raising fund from both sources. When funds are raised from debts, the Co. investors will pay interest, which is a definite liability of the company. Whether the company is earning profits or not, it has to pay interest on debts. But one benefit of raising funds from debt is that interest paid on debts is allowed as deduction for income tax. When funds are raised by issue of shares (equity) , the investor are paid dividend on their investment. Dividends are paid only when the confederacy is having sufficient amount of profit. In case of loss, dividends are not paid. But dividend is not allowed as deduction while computing tax on the income of the companionship. In this way both way of raising funds are having some advantages and disadvantages. A come with has to conclude that what will be its mix of Debt and Equity, considering the liability, cost of funds and expected rate of return on investment of fund. A Company should take a proper decision about such mix, otherwise it will face many financial problems.For the purpose of determination of mix of debt and equity, leverages are calculated and analyzed. Concept of Financial Leverage Leverage may be defined as the employment of an asset or funds for which the firm pays a fixed cost or fixed return. The fixed cost or return may, therefore be thought of as the full annum of a lever. Financial leverage implies the use of funds carrying fixed commitment charge with the objective of increasing returns to equity shareholders. Financial leverage or leverage factor is defined, as the ratio of summate value of debt to total assets or the total value of the firm. For example, a firm having a total value of Rs. ,00,000 and a total debt of Rs. 1,00,000 would have a leverage factor of 50 percent. There are difficult measures of leverage such as. i. The ratio of debt to total capital ii. The ratio of debt to equity iii. The ratio of net operating income (earning before interest and taxes) to fixed charges) The first two measures of leverage can be expressed either in obligate v8lue or market value the debt of equity ratio as a measure of financial leverage is more popular in practice. Risk & Financial Leverage Effects of financial LeverageThe use of leverage results in two clear effects i. Increasing the shareholders earning under comfortable economic conditions, and ii.Increasing the financial risk of the firm. ponder there are two companies each having a Rs. 1,00,000 capital structure. One company has borrowed half of its investment while the other company has only equity capital Both earn Rs. 2,00,000 profit. The ratio of interest on the borrowed capital is 10%and the rate of corporate tax 50%. permit us calculate the effect of financial leverage, both in the shareholders earnings and the Companys financial risk in these two companies. (a) Effect of Leverage on Shareholders Earnings Company A Company B Rs. Rs. Profit before Interest and taskes 2,00,000 2,00,000 Equity 10,00,000 5,00,000 Debt - 5,00,000 Interest (10%) - 50,000 Profit after interest but before Tax 2,00,000 1,50,000 Taxes 50% 1,00,000 75,000 Rate of return on Equity of Company A Rs. 1,00,000/Rs. 10,00,000 = 10% Rate of return on Equity of Company B Rs. 75,000/Rs. 5,00,000 = 15% The above illustration points to the favorable effect of the leverage factor on earnings of shareholders. The concept of leverage is 5 if one can earn more on the borrowed money that it costs but detrimental to the man who fails to do so far there is such a thing as a negative leverage i. e. borrowing money at 10% to find that, it can earn 5%. The difference comes out of the shareholders equity so leverage can be a double-edged sword. b) Effect of Leverage on the financial risk of the companyFinancial risk broadly defined includes both the risk of possible insolvency and the changes in the earnings getable to equity shareholders. How does the leverage factor leads to the risk possible insolvency is self-explanatory. As defined early the inclusion of more and more debt in capital structure leads to increased fixed commitment charges on the part of the firm as the firm continues to lever itself, the changes of cash insolvency leading to legal bankruptcy increase because the financial charges incurred, by the firm surmount the expected earnings. Obviously this leads to fluctuations in earnings acquirable to the equity shareholders. Relationship Financial and operational leverageRelationship between financial and operating leverageIn business terminology, leverage is used in two senses Financial leverage & Operating Leverage Financial leverageThe effect which the use of debt funds produces on returns is called financial leverage. Operating leverageOperating leverage refers to the use of fixed costs in the operation of the firm. A firm has a high degree of operating leverage if it employs a greater amount of fixed costs. The degree of operating leverage may be defined as the serving change in profit resulting from a circumstances change in sales. This can be expressed as = percentage Change in Profit/ part Change in SalesThe degree of financial leverage is defined as the percent change in earnings useable to common shareholders that is associated with a given percent age change in EBIT. Thus, operating leverage affects EBIT while financial leverage affects earnings after interest and taxes the earnings available to equity shareholders. For this reason operating leverage is sometimes referred to as first stage leverage and financial leverage as second stage leverage. Therefore, if a firm uses a considerable amount of both operating leverage and financial leverage even small changes in the level of sales will produce wide fluctuations in earnings per share (EPS).The combine effect of both these types of leverages is after called total leverage which, is closely tied to the firms total risk. MB0046 -Marketing Management Assignment Set 1 Q. 1 a. Explain the different micro-environmental forces with examples. Forces in the micro environment pic 1 The Company Remember, in the antecedent unit we discussed about marketing mix and marketing plan. Safe Express, a leader in the supply chain management solution wants to hold its number one position in th e US $ 90 meg Indian logistics market. The company plans to stretch its service areas in the coming months. To meet the targets of the marketing plan, other departments of safe express also expanding their horizon.The Company is coming out with logistics parks in different cities plans to hold seven million square feet of warehouse capacity in the next three years and invest Rs 10 billion in three years to meet those targets. The above example shows that the companys marketing plan should be support by the other functional departments also. 2 Intermediaries Marketing intermediaries These are firms which distribute and sell the goods of the company to the consumer. Marketing intermediaries play an important role in the distribution, selling and promoting the goods and services. Stocking and delivering, bulk breaking, and selling the goods and services to customer are some of the major functions carried out by the middlemen.Retailers, wholesalers, agents, brokers, jobbers and carry forward agents are few of the intermediaries. Retailers are final link between the company and the customers. Their role in the marketing of product is increasing every day. 3 Publics These are microenvironment groups, which help a company to generate the financial resources, creating the image, examining the companies policy and growing the attitude towards the product. We can identify cardinal types of publics 1. Financial publics influence the companys ability to obtain funds. For example, Banks, investment houses and stockholders are the major financial publics. 2. Media publics carry news show and features about the company e. g.Deccan Herald 3. advertizement regulation agencies, telecom regulation agency( TRAI), and insurance regulation agency(IRDA) of the government 4. Citizen action groups make by the consumer or environmental groups. For example, people for ethical treatment of animals (PETA) or Greenpeace. 5. General publics a compa